Alleged CRU Emails - 10 results below

Original Filename: 842996314.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Keith Briffa <k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: Mike Salmon <m.salmon@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
Subject: Re: shiyatov
Date: Tue Sep 17 17:38:xxx xxxx xxxx

Dear Stepan
I have received the receipts. Thankyou.
Unfortunately I have also heard that our request to COPERNICUS was not
successfull. I am very disappointed about this. The letter I recieved
said that the proposal " was not considered relevant" so you can imagine
that I am seriously exploring what this is all about. I have just returned
from a PEP3 meeting in Paris . I tried to emphasise how important the Russian
work is and , of course , our collaboration. I am relly angry that our proposal
was not considered by referees - just rejected by the committee.
Thanks for the piece for the Web page - It is already on. It is now
more important than ever that we publish some papers over the next few months
on the different aspects of the network reconstructions and the long series.
Have you considered my suggestion to think about a long,detailed paper on
the Yamal work for submission to The Holocene? I am happy to help as much
as possible with such an effort. I am glad you are safely home and I send
my best wishes to you all.
Keith

Original Filename: 843161829.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Gary Funkhouser <gary@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Subject: kyrgyzstan and siberian data
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 1996 15:37:xxx xxxx xxxx

Keith,

Thanks for your consideration. Once I get a draft of the central
and southern siberian data and talk to Stepan and Eugene I'll send
it to you.

I really wish I could be more positive about the Kyrgyzstan material,
but I swear I pulled every trick out of my sleeve trying to milk
something out of that. It was pretty funny though - I told Malcolm
what you said about my possibly being too Graybill-like in evaluating
the response functions - he laughed and said that's what he thought
at first also. The data's tempting but there's too much variation
even within stands. I don't think it'd be productive to try and juggle
the chronology statistics any more than I already have - they just
are what they are (that does sound Graybillian). I think I'll have
to look for an option where I can let this little story go as it is.

Not having seen the sites I can only speculate, but I'd be
optimistic if someone could get back there and spend more time
collecting samples, particularly at the upper elevations.

Yeah, I doubt I'll be over your way anytime soon. Too bad, I'd like
to get together with you and Ed for a beer or two. Probably
someday though.

Cheers, Gary
Gary Funkhouser
Lab. of Tree-Ring Research
The University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
phone: (5xxx xxxx xxxx
fax: (5xxx xxxx xxxx
e-mail: gary@xxxxxxxxx.xxx

Original Filename: 844968241.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: "Tatiana M. Dedkova" <tatm@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Subject: Rashit
Date: Thu, 10 Oct 96 13:24:01 +0500

Dear Keith,
enclosed are data concerning Yamal chronology.
1 - list of samples: 139 subfossil samples (checked only),
covered time span from about 350 BC and 18 samples from living
trees (jah- from Yada river, m- and x- Hadyta river, por- from
Portsa river);
2 - general chronology (1248 BC - 1994 AD). I have some little
doubt about 360 BC - may be it is false. It was found that
in chronology I sent you before 155 BC was false ring;
3 - ring widths of living trees from Yada and Hadyta;
4 - ring widths of living trees from Portsa. Some of them didn't
include in chronology, because were not measured at that time;
5 - ring widths of subfossil trees. Zero means that ring didn't
find on sample.
I don't send description of collection sites, deposits and etc.
for the present. Some details you can find in our article
(Shiyatov,...., Loosli). By the way, do you know something about
its fate?
Please, inform me if you have any questions about these data.
Sincerely yours,
Rashit Hantemirov

begin 644 data.arj
M8.HH`!X&`0`0``*;FU-*(9M32B$``````````````````$1!5$$N05)*``!C
M!`(&``!@ZBP`'@8!`!`!`)O<4DHAZ0H``$`E``!RUPR5```@````0E))1BU4
M04(N4%).``#GS`;H```'J'.ZU=D:<BXXD<_W'%E3;;;;?/$*T4NA"J2:+=A
M2"7OC?W_O_>O-SV0BJJ`#<TM17_?#<W9$W/;<?[?;;W[;=Z_/U[;>P(OP>[
M_&WV=_AMZO7X=_N[_9W_;^6_X??M[^_Y_FZOGT<OE_O]HN7T%W?O[O5KVGE
M_OJ[_[?FB9'ZN[W>_PZ>T^H/GY;=R8J-O$(>_[/DB9'X?=[OM_/&''I0P>/
MQ]PR/Y_F_]E7_F:%^1[2.VWTIXZ-1[3E&UQYR.5^<75%;;HCL,$0#U)GH*-Y
MT3]MMK35MEFND6U9P+UD8OVVF7>X2[QPG[(CFOU&L=(N$;>RHSTN+;+Y;:4;
M%FOI%PC3``>JEZP%&;0JN$6Q;)T7Q1P7VMB]97&%91"^]U^I##C(N$8=[L[
MT7V4)I]QCA=%(TRJ(>KYH[ZS1AGHXM@F#`S+LX$GQ$(X,E>LMLM"`>JIKJF5
M)*]2GET2(X+NC*6M7HP=ZFH#+C'&UBS4IS1=$;/3A'@C!O6:Z$8'Z(S(Z(B+
MSI'S]JX1QK^FPPU$CBBLP]>$4EQA2)1PT]3=ZLKTF]R,U3N`F?V1=4;/3!*C
M%&#?`^1O"0XOYZPQJ[U@"%.*7!M6>D7"-GI@E1DNSEIC=>]3FN4^WM4Q#_=
M6:*O0_=-'B96?H]8=ZFH$JCVMJX5ZAZ9K<)LLGVJ>!CB)W#A)T75&7J3A-`Y
M-KZZ,",.,X?K[60>G";,;.9I4O1.G27GC"3A-F-G,J9E"?GVM[A%7;A'K9R
M3A-F,UY6$_&)%?&=?U]K0/3A-H-UK"X3T)UA2*`R+JC;VKA-HNZ!Z]&8P4
M<8[9K<)HBT)Z*Y]"8)E;.BZHTBKAZ<)HU;WP-W4S750FSG'M[7#^U4ND`%U'
MJ7Z3*].$VES$1`38F!9MG/F]"2&<8$1&0]98ZUJ=GJ+/58*/X&5CE8*>T[]
MA_38)LE)S4ZC7@=58]HPYN]`1%#!8BQ=/W>ALY-@FRF0)`F<9,>JTW1=4;>
MUJ[T`))L=5=J($`WIC"SO2P)9"@*C2A+IB#HNJ-GJ[O2[KT!^DG;&(+GL!*>
M'>EW7J"@(:==+I)H0$2G#N=L!EAWI@FSP-8:P7,EFGQ[;KCTH>EQ3O0:2H]
M0.SB1CG1<(V>HN]#6&AD<6D<.#6%D7"-GI@xxxxxxxxx.xxx!1SQD8B,DE^LBZHP[S=W
M&:(S!LTU>,,<32$1+0D:1ZV9HP2J+"8KA<FWF6:F-(D1F%!3GBVKO2B%G)?:
MFCJ0GSHNJ-GJSO2B%J)SR0L<Q@575?FCU0&TN[TND:TY"4XR[M@9K(NJ-GI
M@E4JP^Y+!I.')0[`/R[TM$'01?HWDN'))KJ$2^UTCT7&KA*JNSD+467DH^YP
MBZ+9MHTB?!ZHKTP2JT5ZD*'U-5#C"/:(=5@E5L,UX6-PD4GG0E.^+'PVD>@
M)58)M;KI-0,".1%9F;HDV4N<UT-=O6CNXV9L0AW))XR[2,JU=Z!Y*F(9;!PR
M-7JT8MSH]"%JP2JXBI;B:E:XI)8EM(D>C5)WT`^K!*J&W>M3`?.5!1G^>,,.
M]#VM3:*V-7XAI/.B[KEWJ2^UP7J_]"%M!WJBVJ*Y8KE?I;%1@A<T8=%7I@E
M6@36"!3H?<Z><FVTG>B389E2`,?4Y[5+%IN]5,-#*ZLG#@J6"BZHV]JP35JQ
MQ!*$FVM3:@2JZ(0TR!+%%$+9@E7`1$_=:$(R&XP]-7K.]#5Z*C'2A(+UZ3S
M+,$JXQ!NC8(A<XG5X6VQ1"K7(7N=HS;#O2DV-C#=KTWTE2V8)5K`?BMA;.1
MEP":L401D3.=0E;L$K"W`K4/LC`3D(+3%PYH]1O+Q=Z6G?H,HI&O.,(=JWR[
M!*P-&=^1L_DQKT#6.BZ(V>IN]#=>1.9,GG7VLX'@361[8SIZH[T:$):+B[0
M(I4=%U1D0MWX!4!KWN=G,-1OC<-D7"-O:V=ZQT>FFLSZ/7-&'=@E8(P*F?31
MJ^_M25W8)6%JR)27)LX4_^],$K"R+R//9N'MVO^@^T=.$<'JWY/.N,6H1N?
MQ[_#W^OV=WCX_+V6'".#U;GK`#$($_!D7",[+8<(]E@KQOTQ;7M)JPX1P>W
M>W&:/YK`,.$<-N[<'2_M<]K&+&N)=6J*;C,;-;Y]K<3#A'&JFYU@=Z_GAZL.
M$H'MW/#K(?DAN](+6'"4M`)4WK5B97_N:W"4-(7]JTU8<9'_#UEPF@N^YXW!
M(RS<A-VTFRUN)@>HWN;3)HW)>FZ^7":M#Z@!(+'O;@_L^<P7,J^U!!][UF
M?:M9_]M)LN$U:+B]U<T7&`D6(B;3(8RW)5J]5?VLE$0L!O)XB64?3VKA-!
M!][SQP]7'C8;<(]4EV7":"#[X62RGCR,.?:/OE^2N@2<MQIA$0E(@Z+A&SUE
MWH;KBS1R8,`H+F1<(U>EY.!7J*C^JPPVI:?/&$8-";7B']SQT5X?=N35PW
M#3Z1RT],$U0][K!FUP8<APZQ1=48=S"8/"4[GSRV$"Y4$J4_GS1QU[*CO2R,
MITF8#'=%PC9ZJ[TH^Q=CB42?0WPZ+9J_-$=SBVS.YC[R@:&=<:S02#HN$:
M[2.109ZHH@F`8T_">D7"-L6X=Z6/OE0]M8-S'*BLBX1AWR[O=<6AE3$#<#_!
MT75&?91@STL,VAH(;/>06TBX1L]$(D3PTTZ+H17!*NF8W1<(P[R=W`">4UX9
MWDPWDB&)BTWQC(VXU1?93=Z798^@=Z%@:Z*+6YM$M;F(R6J'Y3&!49SAD<
M;WR:K/TCP<6L$&;]">M*ZU7U+SH=(MS=J/2N,>8H?F`;^CU=WH'D*W<WRQ
MY2G]*'>(>F")->>>1T/.4&EG7J7SQ%46B.KTBC>UR[T"6T,$II<(U[_C&#<W
M:>$3%DO90J-0[R_BDHBW-VFO9>0MEJ](6+FI%,9?$![<W:;2O>YEIYFT`6FD
M2#P^3TP2IGD9%*RAS"]8SVS71WHA2/`I<;VB/_L].$T%-2.VU4`W&R6YHN
MB,.[A*/(3&)]10HKU]CHDX5@D,32I7=PCKQ?Z@;`!?ZYJR,G".>+$:,J0CFW
MS:-AT1L].$=:^-L,RHV4?VJOP+V;A'-U(V86X<2/G21+)O^E^)HW:_`DW()"
M`Y^Y,YN$<7^>*"EAJ^W&D2(V"WJ4Y-PCB;_O)M)F[8BT.V,'".L))X63<0$
M*"+]R9S<(Z;K)>UB3?NVC4M,*TC@0CS<(]E'K1>B?EY,Q[8M<)2VH3=VI:
MK1".U#=-PE+,2S<(FW!V7[05YN$I;%GD>$4Y6/"G#E2F1<(_G^8?_Z?N_TG
M`DV]_AW=WB/WV/?V?Y^OUK%!'*^R3.AWE'A51+TJ[HUTT;OZ0[B4Z`(1YL:
MV;J2$(<W>5^G?TAW7M[4^<^3&O%=WET=[,[T9W$%EO.<>;"*BN]M:A:[^/VP
M458Q.APHM5@S7D4E1=4>N_@]L=.]^;O+!=VD=/+OX/::0D,B#'UYN!U/7
MBGW=M_`&%`=[5BG02/-C'`3!%7R=YMHNH"_O[_"!T7LE?(E8L:@Z,G1=4>
MN_7#O4NZZGLQKP&ZHNJ/7?J!W;;])V;L<I0=%U1Z[]$.^2[UY^OE2KHNJ/7?
MG([B*RNI_EB<N]NCO-W>CN5=ZXYN]%LX(KS'W-&=OS1M?"$O'IL.?X,9(CJ
MO(D/9&V7U!?#&;&%)@:]VK"(.B",U4QI^-C1J?"-/Q9WMC7FYG$]KPVD9&
MN:-'X1LV)[9KSPGC@OO(AY@ZBD`'@8!`!`!`)NS44HA^!$``$TG``#[)1B6
M```@````0TA23TXN4E=-``!AV,HA```+^GMQMKE`D4D;XEC^V@,-%<DDDEL-
M9"0`Q!(H+E&WO.>_FE`<?X=[MHVFWWD_L7SC^__4^C^UKY[_?_GS_?^W^O_'
M_G_9X/__]_:_^5]_[8_T]_S_]_G^+8M;'MNW/B^K6[;&;;UY?[S[EL:SL3
M.K9O;W-L^^:YYWZV.'CVGM=^=S/3><U_/>=UY]/4=YZ>3][/N^SYNWG,>
M?6/$Y];G?+YM><9/6;W./G&;.MGQ]$5.JB/[U;=[<P=?KMIRNLSS/)ZWWZ=
M(<]GGFM>=OYC,^BWNCT&8C[.?YCSD>WEKQ'_N^=WX+M];VYXT1F(MKVVWN
M(OV9X.K7Y%&&%<B)Y/@9+VRH<9IY>+?:W//L>:]G*K#(L>3V^+B,Q'SX^W&
M9XWVWO/+:M[YN>;>,$B]^7B"Q5=G'Q@>(KOG(WV?[HZS,]+H:I.&S.,G53
MUWT`!;>(BEKWOZ./GM;V6S9&,SCXL?(S:)%WS+RMUF''XU&9^^9CLXU>+K]:
M*-J=_.;B;QE?SZS`F_5;_?,1U^1[._;>SK-C>H"SV=KVT>A&`]R>ICB/;'<_
M3@_AO$0NY]!UN>G'Q[[M./HC=,(4I[&(G&NP-HB$^Z7(ZV/EC6H^C&+1F
MT7&=/%[QB<?I`I$$C!M'!QG/E^HE#AHJX+;Y#G/=?3U68%R]X-_2PK@G4<)K
MZ`OB`VN?[$$!CJ>G*WZD-P=;F84-+BQP!(ZU=5'LQO&$`<$CSDX^(F>NC"
M8R$+X/9'F1V_P%Z#A@A0%$C98ST,;U;E!SGN)QZ&TX^`+]]2M:#?X7)<CR
ML1XXWV.)U.8Q86"%#W;HT4*9K%X54!O/K"!QG>#`JSQ)QF8YB-"MY=53X=
MH5/!C*N^+M@_4X"'%@*0RV1ULZP&>'ZCK/-1SOFB!'"G>:RI=;]!NBY1Y7-7
M]6^A3(SSD0L77JWL@5`+YSNE<IW<1/5%=RO<BV1@ZYB-+S'OQZT2*>LB.3U]
MDH%$?(-'_Q>>KGQIA.QS!UA!Y"]QL4!P06<BV?)JH$V$<4%',0*&)R11X9
M#_?&@YI`##$QZVB`Q.2@<)``B&C_9"#?'G#0NL,G'W928D0CJQR`O%('FB(#
M*I!?.;4QA+MU"^G@_"]]J!A.GQ:`L',:(`/7WWH'^>21%H"9@'@JX6"<!Z-Z
MB2P@DXF*=49`&&P?9"IU0N(YZ00B!M./G_QAYZ!`^[?/M_9%&G/1DF)(V"4
M$5))U&6SQ(]F0T^@C2+M.GP/KOK%2CR3='Q#`&.6,F!I1S%Z@E0;#Z"]QJ-S
MV:-C<.B%OD("17DW3">`,&2.;0?3W<:0"TXPV)]<4Z+380JZ9B['LGTDG*X
M07A&?CJ>(D&3T1*R&!Y!!:92L;="1*(26,_^@U<$"&(*/%N.GC$7J'_@`
M+'3!]!SWZ1@(R/KC>O3V,3KS[QB;^1_$:1C8[`=G>AX3C^#2CB<?#FR93IE!
MY/CI!'>P]/@GX,5C,<K(A9"`_,KBG_"WR($0@KLBM990T.C&O@ZHUWB8T.$
M278&V38JCY3B8_2WU0GJA7QS48J1SH8-CNQ[F(6G:NOQ'=GQQ&21[ZERL"&+
M'I2B`^E"'L6^,Y(B<A'(%(`OU>M""5#!('#P=NJ=83%:`^0S('R>2#M@&(CY
M/L57Z1L/+)Q0]<<`PQ(DL_UEB$IB$6D#;32*SIYT.&DG!_Y./0>].O&*@N@C
MGF&>QZ?<%.G;1*$Q5/Z(*VT4>"89!ST!2'H<.(A8R>"WX^9.)NTXZXEG$9E
M13>`CD+B,?)HD0M/K$Z";[J4?(=47(9HE9]$:C%LR@RD:@`[M,/'`3[B;4T
M/W&B_N+9(MMX]9X!/XTZ2X^*1!!=82_XKLA?,%_>4&1*;"/Q@ATS4[3ML"/
M[6LP8QZMET12XR>.`UEOZ>C#Z:3"*C1UMD"I&KHHT9H./T':'!QX@P:S)HG
MW70?$O<.=.M)9O6HWGUK:3LVI5#_?4;^>]BA$)W20K55,(=<FV@NKB2"/"#
MQ?/62+L@Z1=>#+F7=9J3X.]D9_-*G9GO8/$BV0?P%725V>TPPIR"@4(!6&]:
MQF,$%AC$P/^#P"K=B<LNL1;0YB3A<JV%$)<A60*8`#8M,H]<OB$XZ-XA^`MY
M3L:H2!/L^&BB#,>![Y`OR*I0S221.YC2`VU6`VA[^BAG:S^1PB2SRV0^/Z
MJ0'IZ9OY2FV/$)0?44QXD'A?V?#5J&KH?XVB*Z5`4RFN%'<$!GP2/RR7G
ME$D+C(3&1%1`4/8[N?7*I<F_V;*6&V!,X*OL+V0T@NL03+16PQ6T*$;?XT3,
M*,+-MJ?%5>-%_ZSD(VMD;$%D=XA_:%2-"LO-AEHS^%#0$B4<7W67G$+&>6.
ML0<5$]IIA*;JJ*GO8HOQ[<-"2!+<J3?E5AA^`5EP.VT?*9=MMB7A.<(&H?>(
MY.#U4&X+802JA!Z2C?-)4R/`?>64>-9VCXN!`./GMRC?/;SU,C=I'OLSE
M"T3%E]8AQ%V]52B8)OZ"`VUH<4IEZJ*"B!JY'PR@.,]B>447^Q<IS%2/]_HT
M1//PR&&0]/=0LP^CT1"*IUXE>L.)E7'(VD%3]4$7;7?MO9C]`/+FV>,6FP1.
MJ$N2;IWT@,1-RR]XRRK_JJB,<*>*<WIA?0O;"`*&`*7J0*(825=/IUA7'EC
M.1AX<XA+G)-O85LQ9-0DOVZIY0O9//J,)'CJ@EIL`X8T7S>C8&&QPQ6`CTV
M_CRWTNJDTLNXH_B/>8#R!_:2:-$)"5QQ,,M$E(_UW_;!@8!T,^GFXT7D0[U#
M+)^B6_.X;<IMZ(6-J-_F%-/1/>5'/^L%`F<%DB65,8^43[3B%QSFL!_ZVV
M'&7^3VZ)1UMBFYWNU+&4PY*YR0]NH`]5@Y6$9TK/U?++P<ZNW`=JD,0;PO=
MWZVX/!.M@UZUJD5L;Q5%_ND?G4A@'H-LCDE4L?++.WAVKJ(-_VV#1#$69C/V
MNVLW#Q!?+`YI<.5:%:+'#L2@BPMUEX>&S)(PA9TV%/M2JI>TQ5:PYX]R-
M6D$VL0(.;*0EKUI$1XP__FGGX?<*,NHC`9[(91`&1P[@WVE(8I@Z`G,B;R*
MDXA]/N2Q#TWMZO6P;$=_U;-VKD(ZJD?VPO2_=.#9]D;TS6"Z@]&")=0K4&?T
MB;D&(A)&&"8?A+`JJ?PQ0Q9F59BIODYN@$=:'(?$R1;.'M,22,?`7U?AT=IH
M'P?:V5JU")OELJ`A0:V1XR+#M@;/IK(.*HLR^5P&6*%4+?**&.:A`0^A5Y`5
M8)^1MQW!>>CI)[%NYWN2D`&+1G^ZPZM`,6?L`/KBQ2??)0'//-DKL^N2ABR:
MK"@TWT@UP(DC$5?S3S05/*@'ERYUL?*7+YB"2S7I@@`LIFMO#7&6Q6*LD0
MMCASPK9,OX1>"-(7=HL$]=((FT5!7-MRY<HT?*HT>U?V5]>FI_Z*2X(_A_X
MKO&O$VX,36_V2<&D4Z357ASDL2DS.]OV$[]5;`1/R4?DH,_?KV:0ZC%A(=
MH/7@'P7+UI'B9>T99@1<@K)!TG@Y;/G@'?XT"=03;(MR/W]*.L$#&22+40J
M6ND,C(Y`MFN+/RNH'BY(5;U"QDR!PVY/&GDU%,R/<NQAR21I+VT/%7(N$37
M62O$+]5O#K@<R:88$58UJH9[D8>I]%A2[>""*6N"@^.M<LE"7W0+RGYHUO
M7")^N-KHLQ$=%`*5/1_OBT(7N#/<M_.2U5"&5=^6XU[54;NKO/]@)(2MPX8W
M'J$2(82^L?GIA:SQY4?2#B9<5N7[^_X*$C2,TB900S",KFM+=./]K#%F&%
M*[^0DN/0EF>M4)'Y*=+]$H&2.B0>(WTAML9,M.F)=QL+(Z%,M/4D,=G1N&=J
MP>./V8#,Q#+CVZS"F6F"$$:^@JP+J>D9]1`B%LKEQ#,#*6"5JEOF;A:*J2(<
MUG(M/3Q]$#XYWOB_W-2/$,0-@B9!ARU2VC/`AA.9XVJL0VUX[^Q#[D2;5."L
MW$)$"V(SE%-M;EW%3<0/[PP?&)%53P9XD)N?Z@4LUQE4C8OSGL_4&1!B6?Q'
M]N,/849=(N-YB&U#AB10F,.Z,>PYG"J/UIRS_9UYD-7#P[/$`7X;NU?LT'C
M8X-F])*.?V:%)O,'FYHY8;AM6/AKK-$(C5J@'H%#&Q5%2JWK;^PLNEPQHCAF
M?K@/-=_;^L^U$BLE#,G><9^P7U8IZS&B@6R@<K-]MVAUA6#F[LD6L7&8.Y
MC@&BNCC[EI.X-,&B]]J=7PK]S,U8<7&W(BOSB=6!;AU#,_TS(^G!ON,`:L4
MR[YA;4'%7Q6&Z4_44[B7:T]A#!J8,VKT>RX$B_U9$]Q=;AG(FQ0<WK($=?'X
MZ)K+!9D$KQ&9=R_030OU6&MET5X(<)?Y<>K6-P<IA%E`#',#/'&N2=`#YL
MC2VT=@CA[4'AEO[SQN-<8)R2;F[;XGKG'Y_8^2[*%%,K"018Y"FY5RB4Q.FQ
M_]0X$EQY-QT$4AKQFP.JLVC=PXQWX6RWZ)2G+;+(``RW_U_!4((FR+@'/2.#
M6KU>SX($,)99S[Y6=5)=;H5*MOW$?_L'@7!(461;W3M!72@'C$_OT'0AS@N
MFI`;!LJ->N?=PA_(M)0..15'FULLVD#^U^O[533<_9;PS)33YQ*-5:7$4&(
M_XXDXI$FQ;!;JA`8<MIZ&M;+UJIYU1%CJ*`4XXQ.U153-G^N=OZY+RWY0FC?
M:O*-%*F&M'A_6M*NR5.4T5A6<<`RO?];E:CW8J"L[`$,@'".5=3T=@MFJB6
M,Z9O]",JR+:5L"^M5GIRFUTN4^AS$TA.W;V&[BD]UE5_742W($[,)88-7S[
M=L%4.(#;5:C,;OUZ8<NG@ED$Z$?+<Q=(V^'ZR:FY)%Q7]FJY/&:]DPG%FLP
M2&SF^HTC8&_`H+5EZ&^"+>G+F@FR1<X_/)ZR_/7)S&0"9<0:J_]:N5K;JI(8
M`_CGBM9K7C.+^84(]]V:![=$%QFI<6A.?NX@=(D>A"HCY-^PF_)5586MI)_
MMJ^SBO_NE+:OXQ$LKCS#U)3F@9TX+F[@MGI78$-;9IOL6K7GQ,Y(G,B9AT
MFC@.7.)UHKSW1T_KN?"G3+?-&=MH(G<*.R_-Q0X;T-(59:G;;;>N37+[3(Y
M@]OW]D/:T1A*#;)?QQ%9MKS7K<_I)25ZU1E;4V'B98.M?M4']35]%<`4F!C
MX#TT3K<0N_Q634#K*)H=M.`YQ50T-H`?52[@62X#)#+OGOVD+C,>YK7GDQ
MT=VL;8.J$O5;6F@WL5N"]LX(T!C:@>NC0[6:7;J]W]1AP'3?]&5$:[;70
ML56U3Y-,AFL[PT3A'C?P%RLDB93^5HGZ9`8AES.9CK'!_@E[M'C]^T?,#MXQ
M?Z@2?MY15<="47Y3PNL]A76V/+27+IA^,:*UJKI]-]%^V'312EWF47E01=
M`SZTSADZ49]1'X5'3&N=(C^VF97)6_?A$^W+UY=,+=SZ^]7NV%[0J:9V.&MZ
MK->_.E;,G'ZK`?@^E9.`')*!",$ZU6)>DL7/[[]EC]_L:Y]5[?`F7_?@AOK1
MG#7=N62^:L-9R?A#%/%<&*URHC_52G^X<WW=6,MAU7RZ<C%.[&,,=6+6:[
M,,_ZSIBRU7'A$Q6B@H.O*1[U9^_A49($<>A6<TBY&F"TXH%_`_]5^%/%J2%O
MJM]J6MNL^RR,._M4!!'/X4T9+&4YO&]D)_/'<^9:Z1_`ODC]?A'!(/Z.O-:
M3CJUHY:B[KB9]=G%TX<V-'$NZQC:9Q^4<6S'_E6*X4R,6&W&9J);+9PMJTY_
MIK@PPA2H:;_YJ4O?/+@&/(#@NKRXXVJNTO.*R=[9:#Q&B$-F+9L;:VK[7[^
MM8AMM*^Y8V_W^-/?/$]6^W<6693_YBY5Y2(+[[]N-][_?A!)6Y?M-<8$YW=X
M0'/G[)LPQ>K5%2+"9PH^G#;NEM;#1$R,<!=TB]?@33O*,<4?"TEL&S_AR2@
M+2-B,Z8HU?@'QG8]N?4K7);L<LA8LD+><>:_Z`1]0R5DG+,.=**X6$FSE[8
MRWQQ+^%<>LT?J@1A1RTH+E]B=#^6[M/P`YV@?W];IPI+7"=FZ!K/3WK(GOX.
M1[_:L_&'SVY)K<5)E&V-B$!;,R@<.`!&ZN#6<_3_/`8.HJ`!X&`0`0`0";
M9%-*(0T1``"Q+@``XV5PAP``(````$Q)5DE.1RY25TT``-)<:KD```NE<W*Q
MW:M3IN)#^-`8`I-V22=85@,1`)48C`]@1,-NYS=[]_1@8`Q#F^I7_#OM9&V
MG/6'^=N?A_<?#&]M^'];?V_E_3&<6_[_OX-^YM_S?^-_W_Z_;^RV7LV+-NV.
M6QBV,VPX^;[L_EFO9HZ_[@^K)_-V;RSYLV;.]O/+9'VC3Q[+CWX.%.I9V-
M/CYVX/R-MC6!N$?D>K(^$:?G@TR/R-5&O>#3S[X](T]>^Y.!H;X*`GYPCXV
M%Q!_WRE,6Q]KI'P@F#CLE"EJ5S]GMDJC&O<CPX#'X_.['DURVO+:V,K&`U
MB-/A5^>#P1[(00?]&.?&`H5N/B[VX<UN/5<;_W%NGU0RL?/F+WP4?UBV[C
M+A!(VGE,>+CPCG@@;<4<=-.S+;Q_V%LW:UTM]DMY<D,7X,78Z'&DSE-EANY
MQ@?1<LP<ZWR7/84%(M&_:N7IPA5Y@F#@C>Y0U>%SFEX4YM(='M=,_&=<P
M:F(MRW&&OOB8*8U*/4%4+:63T"_<)N8K(9OK@9_L9W983"WQO$)0/F=D:H[5
MNSJ-LLS#',F`GW!C3W,!R3F8KKF2XN5P?;;R8,M1O.1!P/)PJ!PR!'9[#3V4
MCB=KY,LT9?PPA.G'DW@?80&8,/A+3+,8L@DH6^S!J`Z/?B]1I%^.#LA@I
M$!P!`OV@0.XD$#;?F"!S(3*(]X`$,<H8Z(?0XOO$YD)(L,$2+,FQ,;L+[R(
M_+QI0T^).XD.S;HPRG#`4-AACM[;CV[Q&=C;>1J1E!X631@K'6YQI2X1
M-!#DX@3Z9H(R*:('/#S-2]2Q0#;Y&I>8P^%ZAH@WD2`+(EJ0C]R8.4K4.E
M*K[+@HQ,:&EC`!V<1"&%5O;PP>C31HWEP!6$ER`*-D0D`TE]D;5#2-G;4+
MHY$'0?T*',,8#L`<'"'ZFRY`=,-KB7`?,MW48HPR!8S,RBE3$MR$_B6[<@@;
MH:QZG8<LPP1AB$GDPV$14C6*AX+WR#;3CPF"'AP$60:.5`6@22/X-)(<WR?
M`A,R$LAO`M]C*.O^L]!M9,>A5I%C9H,4)T=2$*9+`RM2&`#W[S@G6+N7UD;+
M9@:3[LF"_'E!QD!%J4:-$C`9+CWDR>0,4'2G#$K%"^HJB0:N4;3SXQ`OT`2!
M*68X6W)'P#K$Z$ZV&#GU+-,C!):[(`K<O(`O,>2`+SZ$:"XL-W#Q'*`RL:U
M;R/MW#:QR?D1Z8OJ)ZL>:'YSL?;&-"0_NL;C'PR>/#U&#>=M&%Q<@+=&"OT
M3VQK8R-#%O@&N:'GB:``O=(OFB<3H,JCPOV-/W>?KS0U('I:'X?#:-^C_MN
MD#V,,05<WDHK1XFK9[&SJ"5:D!<^G%]FA&QV80V[9M5`_JT+9;1E9<;4/^
MKU&B6Z/?B]&&++]&.$R)S0P9R,?"%CC<&15L;AHHX4W;0)FU*&O2.8*EI40B
MVI^RI46/DLEXAS8_`Q*$?&P%<H<9##]Q_TI$Y1S&I7X)CTQBG<V*:)@Z9C
M'PT-/"9]G=5[$I>3]BHH<JY;HY?%LMI`]T067$+-P+`9^*6+H<T'C].GY+.
M4[N(;8A8B#MSHWA?N[_$"R=P$U6E!>Y`GGO/S=0GJ=LL!2/IIR6Q:8'/%YR
M<V^E2;#P'>(_.EM&BAN]>S(^>S(W4R+/]Z]C!`#F?3P$KY(5Z4'Q45Y9,`UE
M^&D@QFJ1IYJ,<;FLX(*UZ(S)=>C1[(Q71I0,(57)?E!^W`MWD&^FF+!&F?:
MNB#8V1M40M1.B1^.G1@ZB/$1Z=[#X0RS<T"(A@)MPT53%EO&)FKA8.$=H(#
ML_,E0QCG1G&YIZ<D@V1D2L+;5-18S129OSE5:QK84/?(U'A&EO53&A?%6[B
M/%;8*I[8/^-IJ`MC19ZS2M$_F$HZ:->//YB:-1E9S3:,0RJ$?%0]DT'I89C
ME49!H-/#9<])82KU438#&RE%MKU+3T<7&I1)3%+%X)L<7-$.-#O5'&:HS>#1
MG"FMFJVR1AH0CH$AZ,I",XB,.!Q^^11TAHIQ/#[8<J1;E;OLJJ2NSBD-T7
M'ZFY8]+*L4$5&*CH!$<:G-&-XH[AJU44^CS6<&XOFZH>C&D<6F?H]@V;08A
M>49&)HSYWW5:(W8FL_&[?^FJ_Y-87:)R%C3HP:4;A+$(D).-F3LC7`Z7JE'D
MDAU6N757``;N369!S]YG><XCTM!E--N878QD?]$"VYI(&5&L;D7VI.W-0:JR
M;+#U*><-A/MT=#H&.,(048D$11E64KD>`*CTS0*:9*0:6H$[F%>,-DU'CG9
M,U9K,;X@581JI#<RJG4PF*[D!$)B;1UT^%YJ_81S""N,$H`OQ<68P).Y-`)
M*K]'O3-N]F:*&8;SAA7SQ:B>1,9$<VS7VM#OE/Y`7;>EI5OQH!O'AZ9$G
M,>,+WXTAKB0/@D>$A[*I.##6Y,%Z#O(.L+>;^^J^>N&#92'F0EU(P@^VEE!P
MTURB:GTV/T3.*ZM!KV&^K4+<&+Q62?DIODVSVH&P&G@,YAYH^&C+0!XF:
M(TA0K[F9?)5>'W>5;B:K@!9<*WJ1C#;<8WHSG7!#D)!RY*'E0H&&F4Q6C&
M3;=R6E4_G)H'U>=JQ.T:^$(.9C84!<.M)&J)S--W-%6Q$?+WU,PG:F@E8A>9
MS/"-Y7&5%$`FYX20O-^$6/NJ`COH+?""WC]06Q1O%1)%>+"-F5_7U66+B2TI
M&U5UWDL[,T4W@!II12'<.=U,UFU5!FE_%+#$7AKU8_ZF).8SN$MH>H;M*/U
M3ZQ-E$^FN1B(3JV3A:)SX.9JJ9M/'.R&M*%>9%CEK!KX8ASPJC-U5Q'3-'
M')'U7B=<5*.1B</S&SH(EK94@W5QXQ1`>Z^5G;^UK(U@`=[1WT2<E;G;2Q
MD<'`J@<L/;4:INYG!/&0+U;5&2&<FDB>6++@X#7-39"558!LI]_@0J%1!N
MXEW+H5`9JEU7%3ZI]"XO$MH%6.1=)LBB$-(*)>C'DP'5.DO-TM;YQ>,BQ/
M-+-?G5?@U9W"K937!3CZ8^H.(!;SJGOGB-/II#HOXW$$<1!MPM/TW5$RIA
MK&+6VI5YILVI<3>;>1ZB+TJ/)6Q]+`RXD'DH0F][FO-]XV+WGH]<$X+7;])P
M80^`C.<G=`_MC`.0V2$,/ATSCGSB]9,>L<RU@&TQX1'`.#BC_D#%8AI>8#
M;G0^&:_AG$B0",6S2%"&'D^O>IA)ZQL1(+*-%6[62S5DWF'+QO#&_!5[7P>
M%;"$6.DQH:B3P<,8@=G=0Y=C"[3=N,-XT:!')RC4&>[5<;M-G"5&CSS=>&V]
MZ2DXQ<!/A<F!%<;:K9H)Z8'-'9Q10&0KE;^,WI7_BD;&43C[R(ADH.$Q*=:.
MO*5_:C+:9*IE7(@)0&S$`)O@!"XDM2?VI:;%QZX$QC2_`RJ]<16-/TFUD"*Q
M9L(.S`=HPE0BR'?0&ME/B@J`^4NXMD2/L9H%E^J1ABW0H:Y6/2]$II--/
M'K!4M)G^&F_V'L+B5&&OM@H5(@.ISN:A0V7Q)P(H#^*1]0%H>@3+F,P:J=2U
M3@TW=*U(2Z8F@S&7!.*$R,ZD_:@S@P=J=Q718Y44UU`31XF7J_-8<[+^+O^
MMA!R6%KE6/#-!%`M@L1Z(>#84M)F"B-FCTD@X2UZEP6^2!UD%R@`Y[CA((`1
M@OKMV>[1QT'>L?D&,1@;MT&*O&['GAL31DO(7%AM-T<=ZS:%//T_]V[&%
M2-#:!E(X8@<@N>&]U!S8!DC28X].#=&`438)DGESR#]RM/`%Y@BY^*@4:1!%
M68;Y74J(S^I%6F9),_&./@W>A12U3B.RH%C9H<]':H$BN12$;IGBDS``35.9
M4!66F(=^2&`$!,D@M)5ZCR/BI#;4!&:]!2=S2XD`+V&E^24_8RT6Y.#4K.:H
MS,&+%Y1_%2_M>2O%`ILHGI4MY^>6^4I8^9A00#JGB(H0CZ00^I"-7)7*1Z0P
M"$A,5/OA(+PQAGN'_>2`$@MD'ER0'V]D^CNV_RD^^UV_Q^DGT6V@,4CF/#3,
M[B,QQR"7`^`4TNUS-G:Y$@C]Q0D1DHLL,&/T;0P<(3'3P=HC-4$/<9)O,5
M`.XJ=(E0B36/SF!+Y<WYIYLCI-$(I1YP#H.1'.+L>5U$P41)"8B*HF),C%M&
M@0P=P=D>4:N>%6/.Z1YX2@5<S&*VB`36#0FQYT$>E`"=J@WW>J[4QD>R?!V[
ME_"$4)`+R7*N%87-$LNBF7+QJ!!YIKD-1"Q^&[=AJ/E_:5.:F.]&$&Q/1;BE
MAT=[GAP$-=V:%M=?ARC7&@%2WA2&JI+/+KCCOM5HQN5Q$KV>=?4EZU76IH`
MCJ7LGTR(F0[I7M%!I8.WE1E9>YH^H5T?3SDZE$JC1.:9Z`ZY/6*;1/K%@],!
M14,UL5Y;`NZ_,QR!4>_TR1I9)KDL'5;0/.NAI[*ZKGK:GO=+=70_>ROFNH
M8VXZAC[#/_>7E,<71F3T?%-;5"/M6#5<J*GCAH#2(I[TLAN+5PP@.I>:>4S
MGSSRJNQ'^F:/[$PG=(;&8#4TE1#6[/3D3&55#RS2G3--A]Z:O)/3;B*1<[M
MCZJLE$9GV$Y5&:D^8[GJ7@6[*4+IX`Z6NH8[0E"=_>9=K+I;#I,WQU4<*?Q-
M87TUNS*M;T<UGM<$OT>%,GFS#O/6C*H/72F:[/_>5@Q0TFO[7#S:JY33K-5P
M-BO;7FO,D"B]$G5U@4@ZW1-$QIECSE!,4R3'H/WK>EY*>S-1(N`HZH+TW%6T
MZEV732:+?<KX4R?V[*5TD%L-`_7?_-RNOR[/5':>8%)=)>2]E"/;M>KLUHC4
M?P8?7F"-#!/57M[W(XD9>6`SV+6IA'&5JZG"/G@75P.)X:[/L"E./D.(R;I
ME3&@3SJK6A",*06NL(28?06WLD0<'77AH^QLR/RX`11<#SG^%`5_`TXU[_
M&R>D&G/^?N#2PJ2KM%35%1?TF/P?,+J4F]Z/ANJS$Q'Q@XX1R,'!MH[F)P=<
MQK)>.2S=TPU?LW,Z[/48M4NZ!^7*4Z#R]HN<C;&NB([HKJ!S*<;V90-]K@
MF5>WM/&7:)#W#^95[JHC#VH2*XF[MTFDJ1%`<O0"S5V:B.9]'W]J"?>Y'L24
M"0?+F>U,M6WR#K2`XO7;I^G:GYO6MB"B>WB9ZM&V^3>V74W^21B$+LE(^T
M0$@+2JH1_LD>LN6#H0Q2JH3610>JS9FWK9'%:F^0"1<5>$]4+ZXIU7>LA;5V
M_5O5@!E==TTUJ2;`>?C9=U[V5XQ5#+ZL#=^!6C`)MA[T."FM//'KE*B-3V
M:'1=[KJOH7#,R?3SYIBBO5D8]3DU!?Z]-0MK**AW2TYJ@M:]3`DZMZ&1*W
MKO,/8,IOU-?/X#[[4HRZUZAKYS80]F,^>$0-@!WW^-2^:(#F__V`"JO53U+
MF*]$OGDW147<&%@X`-V`2P`X>(=-;J?XM(:TR/L*[!<60IR3<8FM:PC'-ENO
MFIXQD:Q[SPC3"NLKV>A`7&8(A?P)MO<T"H`AJYG]6!Z.-(#XX4GINB&7$!
M.>JNV;_Q<AKNCX.5T7ZT">;/O-MV;:";>*2C.J_QRN$`KYS1#5_"T?]]4+K
MZ[S1?G9N.S_&I9_AA-48EO:`G5?ATQ:VB5E<^!`NS(EA1/3=WS^+"UPS0Q:E
M;KGMET%EKSZMUS/ZB_,6TPI1@[=K^'7^TN%1@K^'-S/)>49GG0*YMXL_0K*
MJ3G5BL9?^%]?+S_#Q%3$-1."LUAR>SSPV(@X96>"<ZOYHGBJO1<T5T'(NUD
M5!4]41DB6H`B0_ID?JBUG@>6E;)YY).`[79DY55@FETUT,-)GB7<&#J)P`>
M!@$`$`$`G*U,2B$'$@``_2T``.QI`]```"````!03U(N4E=-``"%IGC```,
M)'MVD>&M:G3>I5_T!@53=DDDC"M1(8@(X%SAMS,S9_WJ'0Z'0>A_A[M;(V
MF[?Z:_O_J?A&M]_O_I]_O_M_Q:(^__OI_PG7^=_[6_Q_Y_K_3[%_N6B<
M_=Y]N_W1_N?=Q%NO@QF?M]^T/];[./MC]^QC[%OH'PO]F_V%S<7&'SOX89N
M/N]&!Q;'VM?8T-:C7/U^_9M]>_TPOAO[`_V:^TK[#B3C[._HR,/O;[[!QT9Q
MIYP,LNNH@]1]SX:BSH>GH#BMSJ7?%\'8`QO>AA^L_<6DQI:_Z,IX<[&`
M#2PY5UA,2<AE:B&M-K<?,G$A^1G^<CN!A_VETHR"YR.+_?!#&2AN7I"3]CNP
M8Q8ZQN/M<$[#TM#'H&5/=YPGAT",`'7%;8^80/'T67'N<)&XP@&!G^3KJ!
MV0UN$(;/$&E_CAYX`^73_CC<'@GX+=YP/M*/F5NP?E<J[6^NR.M#T9T^TZ).
MXR8X]>M]CMWBIS#)UB>W'!PMTR>:-.'FC:H2[[=ZUF.E&W1LN4C`Z'"$N%@@
M:!"'A^1AATGI,#269<I;@2%HH'K3^3]3FNEN#:7<5Z1>8"6@R.>TN5FY2>BG
MU(-K'AV0<%+%_1W5ZZLG5(2A-$!90_VH^U/W0P[M,K3%H^WE,1P>;CAY7!A
M63HH[K+U^L#'/&[PW"/AAMG[.I0AP=3O7W.0$)C$N/";?=L/R-/7/#7NRD
MU`+6`_SG@'Y_@!_DP-U:``X<NF-XB;S;,ZY>^HG92EC,CG=V=[YF;:CFHU:
M<#6@SH(:'4VBP<OGF8"A^=D`.7S&]7WK$8QN]^YC.8P.P'_Q`W"$Y[2+#O98
M,.RX-`XG.HW(2?%IML?Z+&^#TNMQH=&$1'%XMD+RB^QHL?8*?^Z%)X+]0S`
M:>C1S;@"KA@/A/!3!<YWP)L[`:2.,!`Z6Z.:5TV6_KP'^(&_6RM(<T,G!8&
M<'#QM4IF3X;GEZ4S?_]3-TS4$5AUDA)C<9:!6Q,%LLMP=+#LH"`N6W.HPS
M4=X!GD8(`TNC#SW6?-TRA,+%HJ$TYI/B80^(V.C#JA(YX4@$CDID#FT8&E1
MOD::"G"2(',VDD8V'FQV@1B.Q+C?$N,:*"8<D/`MWD(@,6EFD;BV.O*F0]EQ
MJ9R5M#'PMT;^M<[[&JPZ0.ZXFE82^"RR.HM`R&Z`U#/88EX</*LT3/T=H&7+
MG0@X@?*&JV]KA/-E[#"$HBMAE#^5_NH`PO$C:@;J`BWR#)!`P$98=)$H'Y@_
MFZ$K/^0ET(IHD801]2/?R@R>(D%`(DC)KBE",GHBE<DK8HB<B2HA(DIKB'FV
M6<E;(1/YK'N@[T;J`SS^='J[IVU%%K2S'@1(4MD1;;NMWH@D8[A^FE]D/!
M;-T<G=%R2CP)9RSVKU;L'^&U2/D6?V)5D[CXW?,I4*-[/'T?S=#HO)Y>ND[;
MM#ZG,Q@Y$+&30]9W11$HQ]+$.!LY^Z@GLHT]$8:34PX.TY6,/^2-/Y2&`OP
MZ0D[=*8DW"1R,'8&TVKIDB:6DY3J1%%(9`^VH-7>WAJ]9H!''`(DH>Y4OI
MM;#3V3L1G/'90;C`T2),(J64L%-;CM1M$PVD6E+2"$%W2J#NX<8`0%S$8!
M4?4G8/*@1>R$%&-"'RNL;*IL)<(6(6T0OO2A_<*)9UN\D/<#YC0(Y0?<+`4
M+2;TYA?G-0>;4B,!R6T2M*4U#WT!VG1,)L@$?C3XTA%Z;4PMC%#AAR!QR1+I
M:.PM/H$;/L`IFQ`"G72AEB2NTXF[%$#!BL@R2"BKD/X8?W/A^9/G%J7#G
M_Y<(QD&+2,*"<-`0`&V#=&(SB0)>$CA"04<"I0TV#+H)S"$5V4=W<:2M<F,-
M!;!&T'`R@5#!G64;TH.G*83)'J8(+IJ"_"#R"8X)])W(,=V#&P(2(3U1$;BM
M%"LGFII^HI'2^;Z_*_V%%O*+M@NYD4%".F(W[0KY$@E1M.3_J[J?U^7&`PNI
M/PLL83N>UJK:&@?2Y72ROMQ8]764;EFHWZF:EK=]M/OL?E%.5C#0"I`D@
M6I`DK3A"V4=(PDY;D*&RN7<1V^%'H86]7S&8KKW'R@?KJ4+RM(%O*$TRX)*
MAQ1(9Y*D,G'Z'5"0W+T"T9IS^E/+?Q4MI..M)9B@Q;>_W*Z(J^BECKI5_K?
MLP$=3+DCO/50LP*CS(YXJ+U+/U,E79CR,S/-NF@G+.(%@R+B42.C^XRPR^"
MVHEM&<4VEC-07I:N0VLVI`]%WYJ/.*<LT0UDMGC.W&P.$E1T,K$I;@*6(1,
MTGJ;U)[:19AG,E`9*)#,5;>.=IZ&$KQ`_2D]2Y=%SDTGNAG(B:<J9=$5L6&
MU#,IK(Z?BH$EG@Y1``S@26NF&3BH,``%PHK"%.?:08SF@RR^=!,D$M!<,()O
M-1'#DX3#BI/0QC2`5TD`OK".CK_L/+7Q<PUJ)'W)A]B33PQ6V;(;T1W(V@B
M%B4:HY8]!M;QRCZDK(LI%1R4$H?F]0G!FM%0)H:<Y0^:!2=#AE]!I,7<]/..
M'-J$&IN)N'L)9AJ=]S6Z(IQ8ADPOAKSHO4[O4]@>H0>OV/?-NO]7$S[O?3LU
M8PIY!SKI=ZZ_R</BLCIY>?9QLX&>EA/-?@RM_/E=^;^9"ADGG=EO+U$_S/
MM+/%>+X,6Q]3VB#ZH4:T^DQ$1)@Y:CP)HF@A"DA)T;W%8KQ(V:C&_N@4M51
M')S41%-J1Y11:T(<&8Q+0_FAR*4P]PQ_T'E?PCS1@RSXI-QU1^(*[X._Q#`V
M3C3,BP'%#--J>VJ4!,G9;-1$IF;!S1V-RVV0.K5#*XO4&'"H%O3*S85!YZB#
MC,V2J%T9UPR;&6/+*A14PTR"2/$I`/['BN.E`"<+,IR1`(,)F`KE11M.2"0
M&XF^M*<8&$D5I.S90@AH3JZ/9TH7;Q/VC($:?<)F]`NF31WT4%VJ2*RKPH
MF77YH5"%;[/TM0_DYJ0.:&R,DZ9PZ1L-#](##J#BE6O0"M.WRGLX<1W'I8
M!TU7%2]U[5B1)E?G#BWJ#R$,/0>6]^CQ]_S5DT=,Z>MB:FA],)-2+6K$/L4
MF0$)FAB.144V>X"`HXJ"+(46?0-*<;A)5J#[CQRFJ;.^MXU?%1PT-P'M!Y
M:_^H#?Z/0YK?MU3DY5&X3B1DCOI<1C&[U'CEA"U4%LF^.J,NH:2?U.UP
MI8/8WDFEMY]%(K;RD7V=JYLNH')3R559]!HX4&`6]W#*F%U-"O)!BK#A(,=8
M,*+':@G+K/J@6,5_M)OHT)W%/FW['-F@^#,!J7J/$9EL&L9U/6+:C?5$>6)
M#H=T9#KBJ4;J?$&`ZM0BD70ZA31;*D;.[R<BJ*06`E^0PI<F;J"$5>K,GK
MC]UR!.Q%X]2#&>U`"XVT?ZY5!Y.-K;NE#-F#.U^IK^^N^/JG5-[_AO<+7C
MED'19[50Q!,,&.(354CV_K!>8;I5V:ZY12SIPCIHMO*H@1AU%`(,.J',Q^
MF_:D9[40^7[%VM$,T7T>HBF5*CZG7'K>=0U^P14833.N:-9J`W(Q98'6PJ:;
M]-?KF)K:WGD42Z<2ZAR;U-V'"9K4L>CG;^,=WXS@:TFMWU`!>I2%%-N..W32
MS*M4<Z4>)0QTFY7>U`F*6@J*Y'3&OW<J(K;4GR9OJN"!FDM[[0*(AL76RPTP
M&L^JTT<M57=`9>L4Y8ZXX9V[9YMFP>DP8*C9J0BE!87<9];T"!Z2<.KE*8'
MNE'91Z2*J&JTR6G,U5,7*GPE.+$MBAC*IOMZ(?H@I1)7T4&`7)SIYE?TQCY
M+_W:LB>549.:H+_2;2P@3V-5>_EG47U^A7TU+3$&O4XF*/G^2T/E(+D8GGK+
M?%.$&%RPXFIRQ=VS_VJ>AB]4COBI9V5,B:5'KPXEOR7W9D82..;%1)`HJL7
MHVJ^Z9=O@ND/3Z.A%$Y-6_0MR!809/:@V@,IVI&_"N39P-&&PH.RU[#O+,
M-9(:1E8JF?U1T1"A&SEFLI%D8V*WCNL>DK=Y])6]_FC0"EK.6VY!J`UA9'
M#6IPN`D0AOI,)XU2(`D(RVI+/BL2D]-.CP:4I/U5M#A<:0Z,,GH2BI<L),
M1B'MK>`=*(DD&Q7CX2G977S1_C:+A9CS2$!#<EX+:K=&$]$YO;:*51C3MX/V
M*J#CG.S9-U9EBG`Z?=U?O-5H]T9IRNQ<@T4%:3O[,X#>@M9=H5LA55VYRG+
MLDV%*VEG$:9=.K=LP=QA=V/4E.JKG`728Q(E47H*_:+!F"@CQ`&%!J+/*"&
M:.3BJ+**-D1==QNQ@=3:#Q#<;T<#"'#?".*R8%MHJ/TK0,65XF$2R[B`5),
MR#JGL9.YBIH8A@VQ$K3*@Q`S(L,I.8$6D?,3MX54^V;46'%]$/'#N1KIW=U
M>>7<U2Q9)W8.LU,A@PC9*X]X-C+`80>]&A!T1JU^$+*;<B>4[B'M*&,<TV+U
M4.[J[Z*V3*VO>LDBC]1'E6=F&NJBE^3^7XZ)KSHAQK_UT2WHW$OE(6ED5;<C
M^X7YL`XJ40P[[$K7693VU,;NL[NR5J6_O;]3_>%1FS/ZVJ9'OYK]EQ;=)T50
M<EUKE4U77KVMGUCM1#QQB:O"<SZR_(Z+$52ZV===3SZO41@!UI"&;I*N%*"
M,Z7Z?'C0H`>U5/W]30&:@>%5.W<PY5&G"YMJ^B-C9G1.+YR]2HODUL`+X
MVS@E1:+U3I0H/=:SNS%T/[/FCS*TI^TIW<L/RMY'Y[JNFYBH/=HSMZKF34OH
MRW*HI7?>"NWJ6V^1B^*V4D.T?U,):I#$Q51"A/.P_`AT58<,]6'">,TS*C?
M*1L<PD>E55VOJJV<6%&#PH[K2MU=W0>K5;=C5D5.''4LNLAN*'AVCE"*_7I<
M10/JKJ^0A$W@-8Z7'<_-=Q(<5"T;KP8/;,(5KZ_`8/4%$G;F.Z5,85.HRM:
M:=MPFK8K*A`Y)V]1G;E<$GW-Z&LB]?FIR;:L"FG*9%$6ORK(OP9N71@B=HG
MAFVW=;.+'#0)%>%ZRF&B&HZJY>IK_+D3`.8?>1X6HC4T_20`L?5`9YX'C
M^?%#,N"0!IFD*`/F9'=%#:7BCR`3TFWS5PD*2:H:[B"F+GXFCOCOJ34L=A6
MRB"!*X6-3L>V<0P3%$FN[S%6.:;(,6MUM,&)GY3[W=5?GWX9E5/ZO3%5XJK
MG7YZ+'1/RR14!B^:DZG)B1OWB(O/402U!KN9_J]090I#898;52:!"`5%B=W
M9AW@^WK,MJKV55!0=M/E6VUT)Y3V)^Q4M<"[>]6*GZ:1%=I7+U;`T3H+H:
MS>UC/K-TJG+=U</KHA#4RJA+J,?+W6:>Q=X2_&WW:DKK73H`+#XFK-==O"S
M2*LJ0YJE=,)#-5C#[7KQ;JJS!EJJO7@);P]L!15HG=>Y=GIO[QEZ9J/F=#-N
M@]73*)]=.%4JCN^WJN7O]U,>?UXPCZ;Q/A;L5,/_-'^O6W>*#(0E+(]:M:J
MLD_JQU8G5G-?/E>+<7UZK72_`0BLU"9.&49$KG%7*JTZINLD<TVZ[$TTPW#
MN/=X]XY^XD9/<P[E)VEK94:K&@?"#7?[':;Y4S8O'MB(PX"-0Z1"/[7D,
M^5K0R62O5IPR*;;(!CAQFB_N`;5I^_/)'&D5^"X2NW(.ZPS:,;Z[1RANUX
M&L8CT0O5>I,U>(J$:]3(M[5$,F/*22MJO2B6,F*W.QEXSF8[Y'2&%2E>!9
M]]*&;_)0R?"G?SXQW7@ORJ(F/75@X.K&-A!VTRJE?VIY!S8/UO'0*G#^HC1
M;E_*BRR5^4H5U#E^/[/R-?'K<R43^LY.+55%V=-'YXOX/5-N_;VC^44V_C
MVUX20Q-[U5%Z.'YZ"D[Z=U<.#G]7P/]67"WKIK;]_[=66K'[M`_?6DCA),
MU5:OSR6YWIBO)XH]%%MYB*J.[@=>5?M+M._*0SZHW.A`$4M7"$L=15QC;X
M^..X^UY@BO+#W,;TB2CO?1:2"WO:KKX=.,-Y!7*ZX.X^NB+X49YE"-N?[S[R
MD;";.<QCK-.<KP><V5/BF53.#EVXP?K/F2S<NJ$+PJT^/Z<C+LQ=E)S9]Y0
M0I$=GY&Z:R7>BY":$8IA-0`RLTII3'"Z/)"SX2C'N5)H7D+R+CBAF^YJJK8
M<<RF+U7V,*6",E[[S%M4*&J8@QOZ_T8.HI`!X&`0`0`0"<7%%*(=1U```W
M2`$`W8V8>P``(````%,M1D]3+E)730``ZR[-#0``&="#=I7!1+%.V_TOO[:`
MP_JDDDDD8:U$A(1P-G#;VJJNW?LT0<`8[S/9I#P]VMLD;3G@_JW_O_Y'P_U
M76_]_^_G_BE*YKY_^_O]6_Z6U_VO_M3_K_Z_S_BM>UC^IOS>O.4UKSO?-8/
M![YSOF=^:KYC?G,1Q_+5KWRM/+4N>;F_F(^W8Z/_/^/,='ROYY'YV/S4_
M.T=+KS-!^8_U>5V/!UP/S'-KH^;U%8!_CX2/'U/5Q[Z]_,]W@^I/AK8'PO
M'C>;CST4ECPU3[R/S@>_ML<0=]B*71X^/4QXF<"I]]H5.5`1V^!5JIH/'P
MCPU54/!HS'Y-6UW'@K>*S'M!Z^/>E'8[=E7B3<>#%B&S1PV+5N_F_R*/UF
MH0H#4T-V??7'CXKJJ%"HVGZ2+![FE$7'NU<VA>T?J:+1QC<->@_T8,1<8;5[
M&TN+$XM@T;OQRC<'%GD>;S@?#8H_'RM&"_0P4Z%T"Q)=6)*/?V>)+OXDA>7
MO-<<K>]:<K2_G8I?SS&1^8PW11V^8Z:MLUK>HZ^]<9KN.RX.RCZ'=QU,>/Y
MGSIZ*^:YY6/-YR.NCI;<U'@Z1]A8UJ.II6F1U,86HZFW!Z&F;4O:+]><C)D
MJ)ZIYV.9'YO6,O=['=1=+%'XRC-*QAZCX1UD>_CU7!4F/2'S9Y0H_%QML^
M><\SY7)PN'@[-U`Z@5UCT)H;F*"#NHYJW%?HX(XCK?LV6QZR*"<N/]@T*T
M:P9R/)#CT/!NNW'C([+1Y2]'$UD>/XZJ+J[K/?0^5H?G%-#T<7*W-I%C[`9
M4Z&JM'5ZPH_'RJ>'7@[H8C^?=B*Y<'!"%>:="C_OE39%<YA;"CZ^HQIKHATL
MXF,U>)BO+K$QNG]8F`CL.3G<)-HOUT+SN:J,B$<(Y)(25V*+*$/(RZ]&:V,V
MVC>9%ED98XRV9%(8RLZ52>M!!4HEQU!S##`5T$Y@XRI#P"N9CP>QC7CX;BB
M.H>/E&<';39]A-G&,T_..]C.R,0VA]@FY*559XHSUQG]CV<?[AQA8J*WZ?G
M1W73?`4UL>>P4>=N_(PPBR]1-:*7LTZL+#4@[CDBMFA0&TUCCK[7E$ZK$(
M1C10*QLV"G3HY32L8%_`_91V7:24(Y,&TA=1A^D5J^#;'FBH+[@B:TZ**T>"
M+/ZB[.4BYR]E&.;<O$O8_;'N3J$&9Z87G.>H;HQ16B[@9*^G/%'C[E`-T
MHEQAU*'>ASEQ2ZAZ:S]:$:&0BD'C+TC_"Y3=PB[/>[]1U1U!SKQP>Q30>JGH
MZ#[:/@U2BY03Q4G;0A"MY]EHUUBC_AZ*$,2S9V-.K+/2<ZD7PU_,XM3FQRE2
M)SEW*!OAR!KL4B:62<HOLGE+V=3:U>43>J2EJ'1CQY25C_'T;104=`1XF<R]
M2AQ-P;M+2&(=E1)(!C"R&UNV6#:NJ96#:$!/](68RS;B[4LL.@A?+,J5=A7
MJ1ERC-#&=KI_,?Z&0GD=30YF8ST[+*SM+E+G*7'>C)GLYQ:'(#HHG4P5%G5C
M-)D^VT>OCRN3>?LJ.(]STX-HH;JH0.QR>A#MTVT]T6B*/A4=<*;Z*)2/L*@Q
M^1A"A@N2G`LWR2DX*%.*`A%Z.E.&XM.L4-CF]7C,"P$(OM%&S<4ZJF?DU8+3
MJT?)2GEC3&,2&K#!9&MFM.JRDZT>]Z?,=%HHX_1UA:Z11X;LRI8CU-2G(2$
M08/"R7I&]@_X<'K9E`CHN_2*C=$4M^3=W@U7BQO>FH2N;]PV0J^ZC3+8GQ-
M4I7CR01KUX[&II$DXHYA7<)'(6<"Y[2Q20!H<K+/@4K`2:A/34VI^:E.71_
M-)4@N^H?@>T+4:&LC!Q4YQDV;!+4,NVVV4KDV3;+UM-->S0&HZD<W13)Z-
M3)Q1U-/;7;=K5W`7T[FG!]<VA8-J@S;W;7-7;;LO$V2%M.:CGS3K?4WCWI
M.=7U@OS:JSJ]_M@O*PQUDN/S?4VC%4G6:318IXG$).G'XZ@MQZ-(;O@)OQN?
M-UNUG-MS;#J?,*VK#<:Q0+#=E$X-ZEAV]0+)HE.(F,GW.UL/R4-)MGC*5TYU
M=G/YM,;V%:"F!W!=I1E;*)[9RL"O9PW8/!RF*:/GL^;J[]14,X;#=*,*!_WG
M6[TW6-8KXO$TNJS;WX:^=84R_#IM-U;FQ),J-DAI-RJ_V3G2T4-G-/-3E?D
M>$;7"Q*;%'^7;T9?;M]RK`3F1;>/>;ZSD[N<AB7]_9V*K'*T&>G5UYO:MH2>
M1=9+)9!UA6]0'*^X=-5>/"D`OZ47)1;6$ZN`D;VN":J9**<46*-H6#T=ANBD
MMCX%NXP4H_AR9>OB@;_]MITCCAVJ/8BEU998-X?AB3PJV/Z`LM!DA;%[J@
M=S'V#QBG92N@[(CZ+']'01VL/*4?Z&5V'@O7">Q5:'@>U2R9P[L%F)C@
MAEIACXR77-.._2Y;)W53&&*]-W5'N>93CQ=.W0X%:EWR&/0,UM2S#%BK-_P8
MO2R;IHV3J:EQ%4Z,!ANJ62>O$YX-XKM+J)#JKX<[=:.B8?)#1;)8[4[0"](,
MW(1+1S#Z`OC$4BJ76<M(G"R]Y?K:EJI+*''I,E8K=-!XP+%G$'^N/:QQA1
M#VBV6S<V3.N411>*W@<A"/.!SK`/._TRDC`G#7OG==]K>'9KK87Q_@%JCB0%
MO#_=C_!</CHXX[BB"]H=RJXACN&>/H[$L>%V%>IICZ<0(`.;CV%"D:X?S"2D
M.UFCBBBUG!9&HR-#(<,!O3F03%3UO%8S5[;"4VGC!Y4K-+%%L+4.RA"J#G6
M&P678E!/X5"=<-9<PO:B13RKMM+6'F`<`6BP+^5=HH'OYUO'NJ/[+V^L2[(
M5:O-,0F4OJZ[)@B+PE^>BLZXGN>7BT"!U6EC0@0FP1"$V36B,^N:6MVH$MPI
MK#,&FFTAK.U_JC`_""]/VX3OQ?:'NZMDUC%T)3/<V+K:^`H^5XN3?W#<KU*[
M4"(7=V];R]'W8?F[B]R]H*L@N1P;#$V>!7F>T0`5@WWI^%J6TO1PJ=(JIHV
M5NVQ@.0>4&UT^0),FH4X$(_/A4N5(`Y5>#0FN5K%I%"A4RB:(_.^B?1IX
MNB('O4KSA:*<4+]STM."Q%)5,59OC5.I^W0F%YIX*4`<H3.]9NQ[FK`$U9RA
M1!,D:"5O6.K4LD!J[<L*:65BX:0ANV,2.C[P?M_Z0[I3_"G#<*3;VUR_+VI
M2P?BD(^$1_*"VT*:.<M"![B4)1T<**@E^&8"O"PMCQ<"$N_2EQQQB@GA2BP
MFDE0!DX>$^-(/BU+EZ1"-`3&BJN0<6DYMRK&2GP`**[>[?>4HXOQV<6/<3:
M"AS+'&(AW-'+D1#PE-M'YX8ASW2#]QA`]_*4/<2I2II:B%JJZZAP1%2@JTU-
M#<%41<JK,I:&:MI3IYE"JE<NM*[?Q*@KOX+YU/MGU)Y53:UJ5F@!4SX]`>QK
M-N1*A,2<YLI@;/AD`QL!"XU>55Z_HOHG>2OM5"M:#!@:+.SQ73FC-YI18^
MSO(*F6'318H!A,RQ:W9]K+58*P'W!QX>L]X-T"CGNPR*&].6.?-&+N:((<!
MP190=O*"$@KR@_K.M`J+'AMZ`#2GF&`:"$:./?HS-6('CTH_R4G%;>OH5V
M8_KC+CR$?X8`RG.@LO&4V.?&8+!]#"AZ&`"%#PN"CS9:Y6H!/Y'9#X#,<!:W
M886=EIMH/$@7N))=#I#I,*<>GCRH2*,@%V6S[@HL,_]2HBZ70<MC!5SD933J
M"BM`BC*!`+5;^QY=U`0E=/N_G>[;<W4_:=;H>VCBDN@=&5/#@[:I)_#;T"
M6>L++*@-,54'2DIK3BU<I4&I!*AL0?DK[?"6REU]]]-K[_6/8V[)7=LTE
M[/AM.E?D^J0Q:K/],8LJGU>C!7U_^;OR>T]+E"/.)4?>0@B^D!9I&H+6301
MLN6&S2MXC*SY+NL)WN*SA/`V3UY+*2.S"_S)2]91CKAL6T4'T<8P=@,'`&@
M%,$79:&<(=/5GZ(7$$4%U?'K2`H6-TGSKI.9T8H7F=_3B?=+#,%&4'L97HQ
MFC/4,<5QDL!LRBN6A9#H1&%L!`",:2!_D(<<,X)5'U**`G.@;2,0$%H="`P
M=;;K&6*B:`8M,G-`@#HMJB?BT(`Y0XY@HSEJR7T3>&']O+1ID=Z8,&*'[DB
M4TRY17P2VW5(HT/`;;%3B?!X3Z)1BV0J,EMRH$3(0@>(`[B*R:3B/5B%JPJ8
MEN36^B8]>S;CT6,TYG4@H%%M,((OZ+L7DET]9KBQ_^4><=M9K:RH(LIOB;
MDRR:)FY3/Z_FV"^L^WEEU"@>E)PTYV-/Z[@]S#)['D@R10R4;C[9M#*KLO
MY/4/6<,B,G7`;S!^ILF3</NX9+P<,GP-`NYCJ(39@Z1CADXDH?!HY7X%
MZ]41ZYDQ9R>)'01Z$+D`RI`F2%<2<A$WX"V,+2<EE[BCX574%P5P*`Q>2`$
ME<1&=VBF7!/U1/"-B47H2]PF*E!!5Y,]D1@%?TF:4>J/1[O_!+>P?4LHRXV$
M3K+GHTCD;<V6&[9`".494OF250%6K8^4;P(Q[3&K4LKV%9@>Q3"#B2?%]KF6
M29L0'I/$&(*G_O\9/NF57%W9/;C9M+;1FCS"7)>?D2WB6P@+>6!0S`'4]!
M7.'_)@TN$.+Q<PC9_E!-[48F+PW[QBPO>T?.'H?4-^.;1B2['*R,3$8XX8
MJ8Z".;NXQP1,Y'4YY'^C%__G_`8R8Q3@Q,+AV2XA0`-.*0G_6@X[V"'TP(+
M0A1FC8-&1O):4,B`N$O(_]C],`E1DRN3`O!Q,1Z$P&S%EXR3X/H<G+UN0L
M7@]40SB#U4?[IR1F`)QCWMZZQ9N[7M8;K%`3;_*!A5_N0]RIL7[2T(),7M""
M0,[(9GK=N+21:-%L@=91`W=19!84P"`>/RD-%A<Y%UP=?X'4?8E'1-@;!V=
M%UT<?)-*4;,E"<W.S)0>&PZ$%D=*`TCCSH[-I/3`VI+,";&F"V,*W,P1V+U<
MJ^=NFQ,9M++E=NQ:@;AF4Q$;2A]F!S3`W:SJ(/Z1HZG)!"2Y$9_3IA-[RR/H
MXY>;FZR8D2O/AA`(K.'&([^3`XYS0^'-GY+BNA)%.JPYLNL5I<@5UC@<%B)H
M:<,M#0GFS9J*4O!<VC6E.D/B=W)]XG7'DP8F0;A%XB@S`I+F<,`=*;T'N$G
MD8N>.5-/GF?4K"M("BM/H0H"8-KXH0F/A@R!$,YJH02`S0;0@GR'F#"4'ON2
M?.H^+?4&$YQ[MIM*-WJT>Z3ZU/MD]&E;99Y7(6"(4W&)O^47>%`4`M`"&)/=
MV;_"]J`>&1HT^>5R]BC&*'44PJN`+^P1*4<*W0MXM&:`+T82.G-!"1WA7KP@
M2-DY.;&XX@*3R2'YFWPC[YHY4W.=.6@K_133AH"H$IR4;/2DU&`(]3QYFRP
M*H@L%+;#,0&!C3A=,L/187#`P@8@[&J>/C!BH&HBXC(1F%O<NH!H-^3!IED
MIY1_XMC+7`LGV:R[UE"]@$ZMW>9_4.@US@#?P;J0^:U[BVM6`XG@X"]K1S8
M<GHX@^U7#:.BW:F*!`2)03240X(8!E401H24N#B@L]'GH;:"YH0U?],*4)O
M6#9/AP$:XIK69CE4/@>S[7"<]BZ[*)EF])8EXQ1[M[$WMV]]5;5#Y(W-7LQ
M0'ZEH:5W/$2*&7O1C26T.J8/#T7-U%D=L,^9Q)98AUT=O)DRFSQC>GKN2S1
MA'NK[&3"[2<4M&!O2`8[PX`KL2`G*BNY-_YN>NX683OVGJT7&88![HD>`N;K
M<_WTQ0)IEZR^K"*O&>'7D_74-:%]-1_&.KU/7>I`+'L*BW;@%&9#BQ?W_7
M`(9;,AD?C^S3%,XZ%Z4+RX94A]KYOL"K+_KQQ+Q>/S?%(ZP,O>>1PX,:X7
MZQGL#`V.HS'0`69CHH9;@OL!-S#"=B/$[S'97+B`F44AJ5VLRQ+)CUQ2C"$V
MY<HH?F&/8.6@0T61CWD,!5Z-(IDKZ;%:-TF)_2B_PH65:G!)XM%3+HI?]9<
M'&X*_O5/QP.*[0,Q]&Y=8/?$OA3A7<MJ>/6Z"CS=I7YRC>XT)0-<5QIZKS"M
M^/5-V/;X<9=/ZV5846#MSE2CXK40-YEC`46AE@&[+,;L)G(O++'^&K%)O4?
M%.')TR(%VC+Q1&`$>5"?JAMPX%VW5=3PCSAN@H6RWC3)Y-_=LO.+_`S_61=!
M0R>G/'28`$4&3#DZ9A"NPTG?61WCS,A->9=+.2-%WD=U]=:$QVRRGD6><&XI
ME"Y,2:T;QO[>>ABFWX.ZI(]XF6=B$2>V:?^!WYLXOH2A+I9UP8X+6/YP`@$
M*+K:5/]HPEP+,9W8Q:V'/J^[<U:Q;]0N&W!>8/S0BX0<"=A5]P?,+T.CAJ"H
MO%#D.SE^(%H`6DR`/DPI#:8L4V05$)YBDWTH6[8(A:51RAAG96.(R-V0J#)&
M)E"X_"+N'WXAB*10D``OU5-'MS`N.+LMJ2@^G_`J0S:6B$Q$(U0A+7F$'
MD0.W,$C2('#M%"^:BOG#A4%8PD<#A6"3F]&4J]:0O"LB3+(F>D1;(TUDB>J]
M;FC]#?K@LQR#KIKX#0X,B'9.>L,`YU1P:6(-C-5`CK,9,7VS.!0U[?V-O[YG
M#ENCPY=_Y@!O9;?B$7EGS+Y@-383P(PFSV?R'[</U=H4B0J+#)O"$M/!&
M;C(I'$/8W/DB^C)VOYXNV3?E=N#-SY*Q"XL&"F@BDNL822$OI>8,Y3S>
M`L$(G2_]UY,7,A/=,@X%_&,%B%4VTVW9$C;%2GTR&B.E78EQR0/[B8MDRVK
MV^9B/OB4>()9O)7NXA4XW*H5[S+U00L=>YUR>FF"@IB_MN^"*Q/R"#JZU-^5
MVV$XI^MA,(5HM"AA+T&`7NPV#"X&&QN&N+L0@5:$0`*8P!`"=+).&`!92G
ML()03?,#^@RK=#:4(V)U8D7P*I]J'%"SJW.-B$`8BOFH1RQYZ/2*$"(^$=D8
M2"L7#*48]K4L_80Q"%A!BMRL$*@)>CE.$*0>R-.=<5LG)H,K1'!MFJD>`1"
M_A*F=#PRDJ<T!-;*-J'33QR6'.%G%V8?F!<O=M4B'IMEKWW5I21`W^#7Z+8
M%#ZO26B5:8A#TQ@>7"`IM2E2C%J(&<,&6Z8^.'$.89(W5I"],FN":@Q!$B"[
M.G#D&=."):^"A8QV3",%&%"Q;E_*K?T>4("$%Z&>BYS`7+#K#4U=2C0&L0
M,,W"$OEI4$-$YHL]AC^%1[@$%*&,.$/P327<AYA9`R!KD#=R?R1C@BS&Q4;
M,<,@+&/NF'JG/$;6Y2I0O7;@-&*$JB!<CZ=1`2FDLQLP`3D`"MD*DR,9^R*
M']FS8J-BWZFFC"?VJ@JP*'A"'(R8!(!AVU#+D2C4+=JMNMP9.$!1P<J0>VZE
M*L+"!=0.N)R-=E2WC>TADKC^AWC,:+G,24_QB4$&[%I+@Y!!RQ'@Q%@T=H#
MA&/)6SV+JA1/57=1F7>OQ1N>(L-+3C=XKX0D%][!:UH>2XGQZ&,7152F/029
MUM$T+B$^4`QF!+"EPN#"DB`6U&OD)QE%&)=K,2@C'C#!L^.S$Z.?RPM*.&=
M*+&5&OX9&W`I5VP9W)JXH_VI1!P6"@OV`Z`R`0,VQ0Z"P2748)^=__%[`/K
M7@Q_7BC2`NWL0V/`<)@KKC,/`[K4C$2"<JD*-#MR>RA?X0IN`?$4K#Q,#
M,##B*."MX6U3I$C.*X[)3-=7',41K*H)+4"L;3Q>$GFBPY(8PL1<#A0BYE
M@EPBE8PA=5"._"P.3):H.7$U2^K,%#$4F)I5EO';>*9EYJLQ.@HFUW,'L8:
M]A!8]I#YUR=<867F7CA+_-2#[IT%=',L04(URNQ3T+GGL3S_1@)*]C?ZO8&8
M"=_2KKA3H(>U,3!!Q"BU(QT!HP/W&6G)A],0/E+A]%M@<<;HO5@[-$88&2?
MU+M5MN:]*3(BK?#,"8Z^]/Q?3[,7*)!F9>+TS<)-C`8/T@24E;]<D<>:<B<
MHYC%K9;H5+[UU'T'4W/>;9KVY&[1MC7Z<,K*7`^S#T,QQ)#2UE-/EQ;5:U_
M[6$C&J2A4QHR;_]EYHEZI."CKBAI/I-+XS+<RS<:P%8(S1`F/XS<B`3$PJ"
M,Z(&"%.`=SV)+/HSBZ(P,E9:)$,<]H*RIXQ;,I9RD5)926S!G%NC%W5:-JH
M1]L9MO'6</?:>/]-?R@<=%==N%9;Y^EJ>R?YST">@@3)*#Q7YKP?0+-`<2
M-F1YN2/@OPO_V[>,*CNW_LM'Q,AN)B^TY];#*YHV(Z;X="OTB*1:KHZP/P0R
MDX06>&QP6SS(E]TK"3,3UJ*U`NZBAY0;AE14-,T`)^46@"V:J"&M5<]0!C'*
MHRU6>&I#WJ97/LI6]F0?E%,2Q^SZEKG7#BFY0A*GQ&M9BOR9,J4IIL3RT
MY3]/S0S;Y["JTSZW]TN/HIBC%+*/+B9%P@__K+?F3Q<I[%IVPL4I52*(#B=
M]&;C:CML23^Q9987&@OT!NA$T:T>+=L5&5:,.;R4NN6&54+31HR,'9'!WB

Original Filename: 845217169.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Fred Pearce <100713.1311@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: keith briffa <k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
Subject: new sciwentist feature
Date: 13 Oct 96 10:32:49 EDT

Keith,

This is my first draft of the dendrochronology feature. I wonder if you have time to go through look. I hope you recognise the quotes, but please makes changes if they think they misrepresent you. And if you can answer any of the questions in square brackets that would be most useful.

Ideally, can you not change the full text but make notes, remarks, answers referring to it.

As ever, haste is of the essence.

Regards

--Fred Pearce

It was one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past xxx xxxx xxxxyears. Mount Changbai [correct?] in China blasted 50 cubic kilometres of rock into the air and deluged much of the far east with hot pumice. Radiocarbon dated the explosion at early in the 11th century. But it took Keith Briffa, sitting in his office in Norwich and juggling data from tree rings round the world, to pinpoint the precise year: 1032.

Volcanoes scatter the atmosphere with dust that deflects sunlight and cools the world beneath for a year or more. And when the world cools, trees grow less. That year's growth rings are smaller and less dense.

By analysing those rings, Briffa and his colleagues at the Climatic Research Unit in the University of East Anglia have charted these sudden and dramatic shocks to the climate system, from Changbai to Pinatubo in 1991. Larches in the forests of the northern Urals, for instance, have revealed that 1032 was the coldest summer there in a thousand years, more than 6 degrees cooler than the long-term average. Four of the five coldest summers in Europe and North America during the past four centuries (1601, 1641, 1669, and 1912) coincided with known major volcanic events. "We are pretty certain the fifth one, in 1699, did too," says Briffa. "But the geologists haven't found the volcano yet."

It is clever work. But the science of tree-ring analysis, dendrochronology, is more than just a party piece for botanists. Every ring in every tree round the world contains a memory of the climate the year it was formed. Reading these rings holds the potential, Briffa believes, to answer one of the most vital questions of our time: has human activity started to warm the planet?

With colleagues in laboratories and field stations from Dublin to eastern Siberia, he has within the past year [correct?] begun an attempt to construct a history, year by year, of temperatures across northern Europe and Asia over the past xxx xxxx xxxxyears, right back to the waning of the last ice age. The tam, funded by the European Union, hope to help show whether the warming seen across the planet in the past century, and especially since around 1980, is within the limits of normal natural variability, or the start of man-made global warming.

For climatologists, the search for an irrefutable "sign" of anthropogenic warming has assumed an almost Biblical intensity. The leading figures of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), claim that, in all probability, they have seen it. Last summer [ed: 1996], the IPCC's scientific working group, chaired by former UK Meteorological Office boss Sir John Houghton, concluded that "the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate". But it is like the "balance of evidence" suggesting BSE causes CJD. The judgment is far from "beyond reasonable doubt". The case remains "not proven".

Many researchers most intimately involved in the search are still far from sure how the probabilities balance. And some of the sharpest concerns are coming from the places where the original early warnings of global warming emerged in the mid-1980s. Places such as Briffa's base at the Climatic Research Unit in Norwich, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California.

Few investigators doubt that the world has warmed recently. Nor that the enhanced "greenhouse effect" of pollution from gases such as carbon dioxide, will warm the planet. But in the past five years, climate researchers have growing increasingly aware of how little they really know about the natural variability from which they must pick out the "signal" of human influence.

One prominent IPCC researcher concerned about this gap in knowledge is Simon Tett from the Hadley Centre for climate modelling at the Meteorological Office, home to one of the world's five leading global circulation models, capable of recreating a mathematical version of how the atmosphere works and of running simulations of climatic changes over decades or even centuries. He says that "in the past, our estimates of natural variability have been based on climate models." But this autumn [date?], he says, those estimates have been thrown into turmoil by a paper published in the journal The Holocene. In it, Tim Barnett of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, part of the University of California at San Diego, compared model estimates of natural temperature fluctuations over the past 400 years with the best evidence from the real world -- from instruments in the past century and "proxy data", such as Briffa's tree rings, from before that.

The result was bad news for the modellers. The two models examined -- one German, the other American -- generated a natural variability of around 0.1 degree C per century. This was less than half that revealed in the proxy data. "Of course we don't have to believe the proxy data. They certainly have problems attached to them. But my belief is that they both models, and proxy data too, underestimate real variability," says Barnett

The models' error was not, perhaps, too surprising. As Barnett points out, they do not include vital "forcing" mechanisms that alter temperature, such as solar cycles and volcanic eruptions. Nor can they yet mimic the strength of the largest year-on-year variability in the natural system, the El Nino oscillation in the Pacific Ocean, which has a global impact on climate.

Nonetheless, the findings should serve as a warning, Barnett says, that "the current models cannot be used in rigorous tests for anthropogenic signals in the real world". If they are they "might lead us to believe that an anthropogenic signal had been found when, in fact, that may not be the case."

Barnett knows how easily this can happen. He was a lead author for a critical chapter in the last IPCC scientific assessment, which investigated "the detection of climate change and attribution of causes". It formulated the IPCC case that the evidence points towards a human influence on climate, but it warned repeatedly that great uncertainties remained. "We wrote a long list of caveats in that chapter," says Barnett. "We got a lot of static from within IPCC, from people who wanted to water down and delete some of those caveats. We had to work very hard to keep them all in." Even so, when the findings were first leaked to the New York Times, it was under the headline "Scientists finally confirm human role in global warming".

Suggestive though the evidence may be, Barnett and his co-authors insist that the uncertainties, especially concerning natural variability, have to be answered. And so, suddenly, the modellers are queuing at Briffa's door to find out what his tree-ring data shows about the real world beyond the computer simulations. "Five years ago, climate modellers wanted nothing to do with the palaeo community," says Briffa with a grin. "But now they realise that they need our data. We can help them to define natural variability." He has already collaborated with Barnett. Tett paid his first visit to the dendrochronology lab in November [1996].

And so to the forests of Europe and Asia where, over the next [how many?] years Briffa will coordinate the work of colleagues in a dozen countries who hope to dramatically increase the available proxy data on past climate change. Much of the best data so far has come from the forests round Lake Tornetrask, on the northern border of Sweden, deep inside the Arctic Circle. This is near the northern limit for Scots pine, a place where their growth rate of the trees can be massively altered by small perturbations in summer temperatures. The result is dramatic differences in the thickness and density of tree rings.

The head of this work is Professor W [full first name?] Karlen [ed: acute on e], a geographer at the University of Stockholm, who over many years has taken cores from living trees and from logs and stumps hauled from old peat bogs. Despite the harsh climate, there are living trees here up to 600 years old. And the chronology can be extended ever further by analysing the dead trees. So far the climate reconstruction is complete for more than 1400 years before the present; the aim now is to extent it up to 8000 years.

The best data, says Briffa, comes from analysing both ring width and the maximum density of wood in each ring. By firing X-rays through the wood, researchers can now analyse the density of rings as little as 30 microns across -- the equivalent of a tree's girth growing by a centimetre every century. The growth of cell walls late in the growing season creates the densest wood and, says Briffa, "appears to depend directly on the average mean temperature".

Even so, ring growth is a product of many factors, including the genetics of the tree, past climate, the age of the tree and soil moisture. The relationships between ring growth and summer temperature are not a precise. But comparisons between the recent rings and known climatic data show that the rings can capture at least half of the summer temperature variability.

The temperature graphs produced at Tornetrask show "pronounced variability on all timescales, from year-on-year variations right up to century-on-century," says Briffa. On the longer timescales, for instance, they show 20 major cooling periods during the past two millenia, including long spells between 500 and 850, between 1100 and 1350 and between 1580 and 1750, the little ice age. There were also long warm spells between 900 and 1100, known as the medieval warm period, and 1360 to 1560. [ed: show graph from NERC paper].

Further back, early results suggest a strong warm era from 4000 to 3300 BC, and a cool period ending around 5070 BC. But there are intriguing gaps, for which no tree rings can be found. These, says Briffa, "suggest some major calamity that destroyed trees. Volcanoes, perhaps, or a rapid rise in the water tables." A 19-year gap between 1130 and 1111 BC, for instance, coincides with volcanic ash showing up in Greenland ice.

"What all this means," says Briffa, "is that the old image of the xxx xxxx xxxxyears since the end of the last ice age -- the Holocene era -- as climatically tranquil looks increasingly inaccurate." Hence the intense interest in the EU project, which will attempt to reconstruct those xxx xxxx xxxxyears of climate right across northern Europe and Asia, from Ireland to the Sea of Okhotsk, from the borders of Mongolia to shores of the Arctic Ocean.

During the past summer, helicopters flying low over the tundra have spotted logs in hundreds of small lakes in the Tornetrask region of northern Sweden. Karlen has donned his diving suit to help remove samples of timber from the freezing waters [did he?]. In northern Finland, local diving clubs picked some 3000 samples from lakes.

In the Arctic wastes of northern Siberia, a major survey is being conducted on the Taimyr peninsula, the largest stretch of frozen tundra in Eurasia and far north of today's tree line. There are well-preserved logs buried in river sediments here that grew between 5000 and 8000 years ago. On the Yamal Peninsula, just east of the Ural mountains on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, wood dug from the permafrost grew in conditions so cold that some summers temperatures never exceeded the threshold for growth of about 5 degrees C, so no growth rings formed. Nonetheless Yamal is the only site so far found that yields tree rings right through a gap at 300 BC. "Interestingly, the Yamal rings show this to have been the coldest period in the entire run," says Briffa.

Other, less detailed, surveys are being carried out across the whole of the north of the two continents. And this winter the timber is being analysed at laboratories in Copenhagen and Birmensdorf -- the Swiss home of Fritz Schweingruber, one of the world's top tree-ring analysts. The project will also carry out new analysis on the large numbers of samples of ancient oak already stored in laboratories in Ireland, Britain, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and Sweden. The oak has been dragged from bogs and river beds, or liberated from archaeological sites and even the beams of old houses over the past 30 years.

"There is a massive amount of data on existing European oak rings. But much of it was done in the 1970s, and then not updated," says Briffa. One of Britain's biggest collections, at Sotterley Park near Lowestoft in Suffolk [Keith: who runs this?], has ring data going back to 1580. "But it stops in the 1980s, missing the recent major droughts. We have got to update that information."

Already, the first long data sets are starting to emerge from Siberia. Last summer [ed: 13 July 1995], Briffa, Schweingruber and Stepan Shiyatov of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology at Ekaterunburg in the Russian Urals published a paper on "unusual 20th-century summer warmth in a 1000-year temperature record from Siberia". A complete tree-ring chronology from AD 914, pieced together from larches on the Yamal peninsula, suggested that average summer temperatures since 1901 have been higher than for any similar length of time during the chronology. It estimated that from 1600, the depth of the little ice age, to the present day there has been a 1.14 degrees C warming. The first eight decades of the 20th century were 0.13 degrees C warmer than the next warmest period, nine centuries before in1202-91.

The chronology also showed that Europe's "little ice age" extended east of the Urals, but that the medieval warm period did not. But these long trends disguise sharp short-term anomalies. The 11th century seems to have been a particularly turbulent time in the Urals. 1032, the year of the Changbai eruption, yielded the coldest summer in a thousand years. But the following year was the second warmest of the millenium, at 2.11 degrees above the mean.

Tree rings are not the only source of proxy temperature data. Layers of ice laid down annually in permanent ice sheets, such as those in Greenland and Antarctica, carry a temperature record in the isotopic composition of the ice. Corals also have a temperature imprint, and even sediments on continental shelves can be mined for climate information. The most work, so far, has been done on ice sheets. American and European researchers in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP), for instance, have drilled for 3 kilometres into the ice pack, going back more than xxx xxxx xxxxyears. Besides plotting the course of the last ice age, they have found evidence of constant climate shifts during the past xxx xxxx xxxxyears.

Briffa says tree rings and ice cores "complement each other, focusing best at different timescales." Tree rings show annual and decade-to-decade variations very clearly. But they do not go back so far, and are not so good at spotting change from millenium to millenium. Ring analysis seems to smooth out long-term trends, probably because trees slowly adapt to these changes, disguising them." On the other hand, ice-core data shows up long-term trends very clearly, but is poor at showing single-year changes. The melting and refreezing of ice in the surface of ice packs means that the ice from individual years tends to mingle together.

The patterns of temperature change revealed by these different methods will probably always remain too fragmented to reveal unambiguous trends in global average temperatures. But this may not matter. "Frankly, global averages are not central to the issue of attributing climate change," says Barnett. "What will ultimately prove whether or not we are altering the climate will be the patterns of temperature change -- geographical patterns, seasonal patterns and vertical patterns." It is not how much it warms, but where, that will be vital.

Under the IPCC umbrella, Barnett and Phil Jones of the CRU have formed a small "detections group", to look for these tell-tale patterns. "We are systematically looking at the patterns, past and present, of all the main forcings on climate," Barnett says. They will investigate how the world's climate systems respond to volcanoes, to changes in the ocean circulation, to solar cycles and so on. "Then we will compare those patterns with what we are seeing today. What we hope is that the current patterns of temperature change prove distinctive, quite different from the patterns of natural variability in the past." And if that turns out to be the case, he says, "we will be able to close down this issue of attribution, perhaps within three to five years."

Here, the climate models will again come into play. If current climate change also accords with what the models predict from global warming, then the "hand of man" will indeed look to be on the planet's thermostat.

The models all suggest that anthropogenic global warming will show a very distinctive pattern. For instance, they predict that anthropogenic warming will be greatest in the northern latitudes of the great continental land masses, such as Eurasia. And that makes the finding of Briffa's team that summer temperatures in northern Siberia are higher than for a millenium potentially extremely important. And the prospect of further data from this region to confirm that finding so intriguing.

Briffa grins at the prospect. "The trend seems to be accelerating. We are getting reports back from Stepan, our man in the Urals, that it was warmer this spring on the Yamal peninsula there than ever before, and tree growth has been absolutely fantastic. It is a major warming, like nothing seen there for a thousand years -- and it is what the climate models predict." Caution prevails, but the elusive pattern of man-made global warming may just be emerging amid the larch groves on the sunny hills of northern Siberia.

ends

Original Filename: 846715553.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Keith Briffa <k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: tatm@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Subject: the Yamal data
Date: Wed Oct 30 17:45:xxx xxxx xxxx

Dear Rashit,
As always I seem to have been away bullshiting and politiking in
various meetings for weeks! I try to convince myself that this is of use to us as a dendrochronological community but I am not so sure how much that is really
true these days. I have the data you sent and I had to get someone here to
decode it for me . That is fine now so I would like to try and reformat and RCS it . I will be back in touch soon. Your paper is in review for Denrochronologia.
I am very keen to get a much more detailed paper in The Holocene dealing with
this stuff and I hope you and Stepan will consider this - perhaps for some time in spring next year. Sorry I wasn't in touch sooner. Please give my regards
to Stepan and Valerie.
very best wishes
Keith

Original Filename: 846781264.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Keith Briffa <k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: tatm@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Subject: the Yamal data
Date: Thu Oct 31 12:01:xxx xxxx xxxx

Dear Rashit,
In looking at the data I now see that you have only sent data from abot 350bc onwards. What is the situation with the earlier data. I am very interested in the details of the 1st millennium B.C. and especially this period from about
500 to 100 B.C. We still have a gap in the Tornetrask data at about 350 B.C.
I was of the opinion that this period was very low growth in the chronology of yours shown by Stepan in Cambridge - but it does not seem so low in the
chronology he gave me. What are your thoughts on this and is it possible to get the earlier data when you are happy with them?Thanks very best wishes
Keith

Original Filename: 847838200.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Keith Briffa <k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: Eugene Vaganov <evag@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
Subject: Re: message from Vaganov
Date: Tue Nov 12 17:36:xxx xxxx xxxx
Cc: tatm@xxxxxxxxx.xxx

Eugene
I have not received my copy of the book. A message to Malcolm is
the best idea. I have been experimenting with the Yamal data mostly trying
to fit RCS curves - and am finding problems with recent local chronologies
behaving oddly - i.e. too much growth in recent years makes it difficult to
derive a valid age/growth curve. I have produced a rcs standardised curve
for taimyr and will fax a copy to you. I will send comments to you and stepan
on the two papers reviewed for dendrocronologia on the development of the yamal
and taimyr chronologies. I have made major changes to the tracheid paper and need to type and send the new version to you - also there are problems understanding some bits - I will ask specific questions. How goes the organisation of the Krasnoyarsk meeting?
Stepan /Rashit I have had some comments on the Yamal paper that I will try to
email tommorow.
best wishes
Keith


At 13:41 12/11/96 +0000, you wrote:
>Dear Keith
> How are you? Did you receive the material
>(chronologies on Siberian subarctic) from
>Stepan? Several days later I'll send to you
>some additional data (several samples) on
>Taymir supra-long chronology, which make
>more deep in sampling the interval around
>xxx xxxx xxxxyear.
> There are a few questions to you.
>1. The volume of "Radiocarbon" with proccedings
> reach Krasnoyarsk with some months delay, so
> can you send me by fax (007)(3912xxx xxxx xxxx
> the content of volume (only for references)?
>2. What about the draft of paper which I gave
> you in Germany (paper concerning the compa-
> rison of tracheid dimension, cell wall thickness
> and density)?
>Best wishes,Gene.
>

Original Filename: 848679780.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: gjjenkins@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
To: p.jones@xxxxxxxxx.xxx, deparker@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Subject: 1996 global temperatures
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 11:23 +0000 (GMT)
Cc: llivingston@xxxxxxxxx.xxx, djcarson@xxxxxxxxx.xxx, ckfolland@xxxxxxxxx.xxx


Phil

Remember all the fun we had last year over 1995 global temperatures,
with early release of information (via Oz), "inventing" the December
monthly value, letters to Nature etc etc?

I think we should have a cunning plan about what to do this year,
simply to avoid a lot of wasted time.

I have been discussing with David P and suggest the following:

1. By 20 Dec we will have land and sea data up to Nov

2. David (?) computes the December land anomaly based on 500hPa
heights up to 20 Dec.

3. We assume that Dec SST anomaly is the same as Nov

4. We can therefore give a good estimate of 1996 global temps by 20
Dec

5. We feed this selectively to Nick Nuttall (who has had this in the
past and seems now to expect special treatment) so that he can write
an article for the silly season. We could also give this to Neville
Nicholls??

6. We explain that data is provisional and how the data has been
created so early (ie the estimate for Dec) and also

7. We explain why the globe is 0.23k (or whatever the final figure is)
cooler than 95 (NAO reversal, slight La Nina). Also that global annual
avg is only accuirate to a few hundredths of a degree (we said this
last year - can we be more exact, eg PS/MS 0.05K or is this to big??)

8. FROM NOW ON WE ANSWER NO MORE ENQUIRIES ABOUT 1996 GLOBAL TEMPS BUT
EXPLAIN THAT IT WILL BE RELEASED IN JANUARY.

9. We relesae the final estimate on 20 Jan, with a joint UEA/MetO
press release. It may not evoke any interest by then.

10. For questions after the release to Nuttall, (I late Dec, early
Jan) we give the same answer as we gave him.

Are you happy with this, or can you suggest something better (ie
simpler)? I know it sound a bit cloak-and-dagger but its just meant to
save time in the long run.

Im copying this to DEP and CKF also for comments.

Cheers

Geoff

Original Filename: 848695896.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: Wolfgang Cramer <cramer@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: Mike Hulme <m.hulme@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>, VXT_COPR@xxxxxxxxx.xxx (I. Colin Prentice)
Subject: Re: EU proposals
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 15:51:36 +0100

Hm, clearly coordination between the two (if it really ends up as two)
groups is absolutely essential, otherwise we would look entirely
stupid. The first thing that comes to my mind is that nitrogen would be
emphasizing a component of our overall idea which otherwise would not
receive great attention - hence it could be, perhaps, amalgamated. They
probably see it the other way around: In their problem, climatic
variability comes second in importance. My view on this is that all of
our model intercomparisons have shown that models essentially do crazy
things with interannual variability, simply because nobody ever has
tested them for that in any detail. Esser's model would probably be the
last candidate to use here, since it is "less mechanistic" than any of
the others - in fact, Colin and I seemed to agree to "not necessarily"
include it into this proposal. These are just some thoughts for the
moment.

I just finished a very first, rough draft of our outline, and I attach
it to the end of this message. I have just sent it to Martin Heimann,
but I have still not yet talked to him. I also send this whole thing to
Colin, hoping that he will catch the thread through it without
problems. Gerard Dedieu is the one I want to approach next - Alberte is
already talking to him about this in the context with other things.

Cheers,

Wolfgang

On Nov 22, 14:12, Mike Hulme wrote:
> Subject: EU proposals
> Wolfgang,
>
> This email (see below) has just arrived from Andrew Friend. I wonder
if we
> are in danger of competing amongst ourselves here, or is the role of
N
> sufficiently far away to avoid problems? Do you want me to talk with
Andrew
> again or shall I wait for you to get back to me next week after
contacting
> Martin? Would Gerd Esser be one of 'our' C modellers?
>
> Looking at the call for proposals it seems that 'Theme 1.1.1 Basic
processes
> in the climate system' fits best for us since there is a specific
item (5)
> which states: 'studies of global budgets of greenhouse gases with
> particular emphasis on fluxes, transformations and stroage in the
biosphere,
> lithosphere and oceans.'
>
> If not here, then maybe under '1.1.3 Climate variability, simulation
of
> climate and prediction of climate change' since there is an item (4)
> 'Development, validation and application of models for important
> climate-related quantities such as mean sea-levels, storm and surge
climates
> and carbon cycling.' But here there is an emphasis on European
approaches.
>
> About EU politics, Balabanis is the guy for ESCOBA, but that doesn't
mean he
> is necessarily the one for us. Troen handles a lot of the climate
projects
> in 1.1.1, 1.1.2 and 1.1.3. We have quite a bit to do with him. But
it
> depends if there is someone else on carbon etc. Maybe Balabanis is
the
> place to start.
>
> Regards,
>
> Mike
>
> **********************
>
> Dear Mike
>
> Thank you very much for your hospitality the other day. I enjoyed my
visit and
> look forward to continued collaboration. With regard to ESCOBA, this
project is
> in domain 1.1 of the Environment and Climate Programme, and is thus
the
> responsibility of Balabanis.
>
> Has there been any progress with regard to a new proposal? I have
contacted
> Gerard Dedieu, and he says that he will have to think about the idea
some more.
> Meanwhile, I have received an invitation from Gerd Esser (another
ESCOBA
> partner) to put together a new proposal to look at 'The role of
nitrogen in the
> carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere' for submission in
January. A
> couple of the other ESCOBA partners have expressed interest in this
proposal.
> Part of the new project will be to use global process-based carbon
models, such
> as our Hybrid model, to assess the biospheric sink for C (and its
geographical
> distribution) over the period 1750 to 1990. I guess there could be a
role for
> an improved climatology here.
>
> I could investigate further the current intention with regard to
climatology in
> this project if you wish.
>
> Andrew
>
>-- End of excerpt from Mike Hulme

2

Global, spatially explicit assessment of the interannual
variability in terrestrial carbon storage

VERY FIRST, INCOMPLETE draft for a new research proposal
to be submitted to the European Union
for the second phase of the Third Framework "Environment and
Climate"

Goal

A critical uncertainty in assessments of global change impacts
and feedbacks is the source/sink relationship for carbon
between atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere, and
particularly its interannual variability. Recent advances in
modelling of atmospheric and biospheric processes, combined
with significant progress in data gathering for climate, CO2
and O2, now allow for a dedicated experiment that is likely to
reduce this uncertainty. Equilibrium approaches to the
simulation of global carbon fluxes are no longer adequate for
this, since empirical studies are showing both a long-term
trend and a significant interannual variability of CO2 fluxes,
which appear to be most strongly driven by climatic impacts on
terrestrial vegetation.
Experimental design

For a time period of several decades, we propose to perform a
simulation of biospheric carbon fluxes using:

Original Filename: 850159177.txt | Return to the index page | Permalink | Earlier Emails | Later Emails

From: "Tatiana M. Dedkova" <tatm@xxxxxxxxx.xxx>
To: k.briffa@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
Subject: from Rashit
Date: Mon, 9 Dec 96 14:19:37 +0500

Dear Keith,
we received your letters concerning our paper for Dendrochronologia
and three long chronologies.
1. As regards individual ring width data of living trees from
Yamal we would remind you that you have them. Stepan gave to you
in England one diskette. There are data for Larix sibirica from
three sites (KHA - from Khadyta river, 67812'N 69850'E; JAH -
from Yahody river 67807'N 69854'E and POR - from Portsa river
67827'N 71800'E) and for Picea obovata from two points (SCH -
Shtshutshya river 66849'N 69850'E and KHD - from Khadyta river
67807'N 69854'E).
2. We would be very gratefull if you can do some corrections and
additions in the paper for Dendrochronologia. We did not quite
understand what we have to do on missing rings? Just enumerate
years when missing rings occur? If so, these are following years:

Year absent % ind % Year absent % ind %
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 31
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 31
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 33
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 38
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 67
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 12
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 10
-1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 14
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 34
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 12
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 30
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 25
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 61
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 59
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 28
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 28
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 8
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 28
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 36
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 15
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 44
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 18
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 58
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 18
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 53
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 8
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 14
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 38
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 9
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 20
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 24
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 30
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 10
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxliving
-xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof 16 6%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 16 6%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 20 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 20 10%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof 20 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 20 15%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 20 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 21 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 21 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 73%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 5%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 64%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 27%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof 22 55%
xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 66
l i v i n g
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 38
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 47
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 28
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 31
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 49
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 21
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 39
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 50
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 29
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 28
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 20
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 32
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 46
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 45
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 46
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 40
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 102
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 50
1xxx xxxx xxxxof xxx xxxx xxxx% 40

We have to note that frequency of missing rings on increment
cores of living trees higher, because on samples of subfossil
trees we try to find this kind of rings on whole disc.
Some periods are notable for missing rings: xxx xxxx xxxxBC, 882 BC,
143 AD, xxx xxxx xxxxAD (especially 640 AD), xxx xxxx xxxxAD, 1453 AD
and beginning of 1800th AD.
3. Stepan ask what about book by Bailey?
Best wishes,
Rashit